A critical response to Donald Davidsons views of self-deception Essay

A critical response to Donald Davidsons views of self-deception - Essay Example Such event, according to the theory, will "permit" the idea that an individual may at any given time cling to incongruous viewpoints and ambiguous judgments about her/him or about a given state of affairs. The concept, Davidson contends, is that if parts of the mind are, to some degree or level, independent, we can comprehend how they are able to entertain and embrace inconsistencies, contradictions and variations, and to intermingle and cooperate on a causal level. This, I beg to disagree. If we take a cursory glimpse, Davidson's account offers a fascinating depiction of self-deception. It seemed to naturally and readily settle the absurdity and the irony of the concept. Nonetheless, if we investigate seriously the sketch of this phenomenon on the "divided-mind" paradigm, grave doubts and opposing protestations will come to our mind.However, before explicitly elucidating my disagreement, let me first discuss another angle that runs parallel to Davidson's idea of the divided-mind occ urrence - Freud's embodiment of the human mind consisting of an ego, super-ego, and id. To the Freudian picture, the ego matches up with the conscious part of the mind, while the super-ego and the id, to the unconscious. The id is steered by impulses, cravings and desires; as the super-ego flushes out the "undesirables" conceived by the id, the ego puts things into action. A Freudian version of self-deception, then, would justify for the absurd possession of diametrically opposed beliefs. The unconscious id discerns and understands that p, but is compelled by a desire to believe that not-p, so it "cooperates" or "works together" with the super-ego to deceive the ego. In this scenario, the agent may deliberately and knowingly assumes a belief this same agent instinctively knows to be false, but the fact that this belief is false is one way or another "concealed" from such agent. In this manner, self-deception becomes unequivocally comparable to interpersonal deception, with two agent -like structures misleading/deceiving a third into believing something they know to be false. Though desisting to succumb to the Freudian concepts of ego, super-ego and id, Davidson concurs with Freud that particular facets of the mind must be put forward in order to explain self-deception or absurdity of any kind: [First,]the mind is to be regarded as having two or more semi-autonomous structures. [Second, we assign] a particular kind of structure to one or more subdivisions of the mind: a structure similar to that needed to explain ordinary actions. [Third,]certain mental events take on the character of mere causes relative to some other mental events in the same mind. [I]n order to accommodate [this feature] we must allow a degree of autonomy to parts of the mind (Davidson 1982) As Davidson puts it, one psychological event can be a cause of but not a sufficient reason for another mental event. Certainly, this framework can be a probable occurrence in interpersonal interaction. For instance -- I yearn for Mr. X to be inside my bedroom, so, I positioned a hundred scented candles of different sizes and colors in strategic places, allow some erotic music to reverberate inside the room and open the door a few inches apart just enough for Mr. X to have a wondrous peek of what's inside and what he can expect if he gets in. As he saw what's in store for him inside that room, he then craves to enter and will want to

What Affects Tropical Cyclones Environmental Sciences Essay

What Affects Tropical Cyclones Environmental Sciences Essay What are tropical cyclones? A tropical cyclone is the main term used for a low pressure system which gets its energy mainly from evaporation from the sea and condenses in clouds concentrated near its centre (Holland, 1993). Tropical cyclones occur in tropical latitudes. The central area of the tropical cyclone is called the eye of the storm; this is the area of the lowest pressure. The eye is encircled by dense cloud (cyclone walls) which rotates. The walls are less dense as you move out from the eye as the wind gradually weakens down (Nalivkin, 1983). Tropical cyclones have three different names that are defined by their wind speed; a tropical depression is a storm with maximum sustained surface winds of less than 17m s  ¯Ã‚ ¹ but still has a circulation (Wallace and Hobbs 2006: Landsea, 2006). A tropical storm is a storm with winds of at least 17 m s  ¯Ã‚ ¹ and peak speeds of 32 m s  ¯Ã‚ ¹ (Wallace and Hobbs 2006: Landsea, 2006). Hurricanes or Typhoons (the regional names for strong tropical cyclones) are when winds reach above 32 m s ¯Ã‚ ¹ (Wallace and Hobbs 2006: Landsea, 2006). Tropical cyclones form in ocean basins around the world; these are the North Atlantic Ocean, Northeast Pacific Ocean, North-western Pacific Ocean, North Indian Ocean, South- West Indian Ocean, Australian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean (Aguado and Burt, 2007).This study concentrates on the North Atlantic basin. The tropical cyclone season is from 1st June to 30th November in the Atlantic basin (NOAA, 2007). 1.2.2 What do tropical cyclones need to form? Tropical cyclones need certain conditions to form. They need a deep surface layer and sea surface temperatures above 26.5 °C (81 °F) (Goldenberg, et al, 2001: Wallace and Hobbs, 2006: Aguado and Burt, 2007). They need a disturbance near the surface with adequate amounts of spin to start the formation and an atmosphere that is unstable so that it encourages thunderstorm activity. Low vertical wind shear is needed since wind shear can disrupt the organisation of thunderstorms. If the wind shear is too high, it can cause the cyclone to dissipate (Gray 1968: Wallace and Hobbs, 2006). Tropical cyclones also wont form if the disturbance is too close to the equator. Tropical cyclones need enough coriolis force to maintain the low pressure in their centre, the coriolis is not strong enough to do this near the equator and for this reason tropical cyclones do not form between 0 °W and 5 °W latitude (Wallace and Hobbs, 2006: Aguado and Burt, 2007). All these conditions are generally nee ded for a tropical cyclone to form, but even if the conditions are met, it does not mean a tropical cyclone will form every time (Australian Government, Bureau of Meteorology, 2013). North Atlantic tropical cyclones vary from other basins in the way they form as a high percentage of cyclones form from tropical waves that move across from West Africa (Landsea, 1993). Most major hurricanes form from African waves especially in the area between 10 ° and 20 ° North (Goldenberg, 2001). This area 10 ° and 20 ° North was termed the main development region by (Goldenberg, 2001). The number of easterly waves remains relatively constant from one year to the next, but the amount that develop into tropical cyclones varies greatly due to other factors (Frank, 1975). 1.2.3 What affects tropical cyclones? Many different atmospheric factors affect tropical cyclones; the main ones are listed below: Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs): SSTs are one of the main factors that affects whether a tropical cyclone forms. Since heat from oceans are the primary energy source for a tropical cyclone, the theory is that if sea surface temperatures were to increase, so too would the number and intensity of tropical cyclones (Goldenberg, et al, 2001). However, this has not been proven by using historical data or models. The research conclusions are mixed with no definitive answer; some studies show that SSTs are increasing intensity of cyclones (Emanuel, 2005), whilst others are coming to the conclusion that the increase in tropical cyclone frequency is due to rising SSTs (Holland and Webster, 2007: Mann and Emanuel, 2006). Some research even points to a decrease in frequency under global warming (Knutson et al 2008). Overall no research has shown conclusively an increase in the frequency or intensity due to rising SSTs and there are many mixed views on the subject. ENSO: ENSO is very important for tropical storm development and depending on what stage it is in can either cause formation or hinder it. Trenberth (1997) gives a good definition of El Nià ±o and La Nià ±a. El Nià ±os effect on tropical cyclones has been well documented and there is a lot of literature on the topic available. It is agreed that El Nià ±o supresses Atlantic hurricane activity (Gray, 1984). During El Nià ±o years there are fewer tropical cyclones and weaker intense storms (Chu, 2004). El Nià ±o years were found to have fewer hurricane days then non El Nià ±o years (Gray 1984: Landsea et al, 1999). La Nià ±a has the opposite effect on tropical cyclones by creating favourable conditions for the development of tropical cyclones (Pielke and Landsea 1999). During El Nià ±o, Pielke and Landsea (1999) found that there are more economical losses during a La Nià ±a year then an El Nià ±o year, this fits in with Atlantic tropical cyclone activity being supressed during El Nià ±o. Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO): This is a pattern of sea surface temperatures which has warm and cold phases, a 25-40 year cycle (Aguado and Burt 2007). The AMO then affects tropical cyclones due to the change in sea surface temperatures. The AMO has been thought to affect the activity of tropical cyclones in the past with the active year of 1995 coinciding with a shift in the AMO (Aguado and Burt 2007). Goldenberg et al (2001) indicates that the Atlantic Multidecadal variation would have a greater impact on tropical cyclones sooner than the warming of SSTs. This is because global warming will only gradually create higher SSTs. If the rise of SSTs due to global warming were to coincide with a change to a warm phase in the AMO there could be a large impact on tropical cyclones. Wind shear: Wind shear is horizontal wind between the upper and lower troposphere. It inhibits tropical cyclones by stopping organisation of deep convection in the atmosphere, which prevents the organisation of cloud walls (Goldenberg et al, 2001). Wind shear has a big impact on hurricane frequency and intensity (Aiyyer and Thorncroft, 2006). Goldenberg and Shapiro (1996) came to the conclusion that wind shear was the most important environmental factor effecting tropical cyclones since it decreases the chances of cyclones forming and can dissipate them when they have already formed. Overall, though all of the above factors interlink, for example an increase in SSTs could create an increase in wind shear (Vecchi and Soden, 2007). The above factors that affect tropical cyclones are complex and the knowledge is uncertain. (Emanuel, 2005: Landsea, 2010) argue that there can be no strong conclusion made on research using past data due to the uncertainty of accurate records. Until a good overall understanding is gained no conclusions can be made on what has happened and what will happen to tropical cyclones, one of the ways to gain this is to look at where they have formed and why and what effected past tracks, leaving room for error in the data. Tropical cyclone tracks Tropical cyclone tracks in the North Atlantic are variable. There are no defined paths, but there are rough patterns cyclones will follow, depending on meteorological and oceanographic factors. Cyclones will generally move straight West or East and then may move north to hit land. Some recurve (go West then East). These cyclones are generally known to form by the Cape Verde Islands and will recurve around the periphery of the subtropical cell (Reading, 1990). These are known to form the deadliest hurricanes. The cyclones as well are known to form in different areas at different times of the hurricane season (Reading, 1990) this then effects the tracks too. Early in the season they form more on the Western side of the Atlantic (Reading, 1990: Willet and Sanders, 1959). They then form throughout most of the basin in the middle of the season and by the end of season most of the cyclones form in the West of the Atlantic basin (Willet and Sanders, 1959). Changes in intensity, frequency and tracks Webster et al, (2005) found a small percentage increase in the number and proportion of hurricanes reaching categories 4 and 5 in the North Atlantic, but no increase in the intensity of the strongest hurricanes. Overall Webster (2005) found no global trend for increasing SSTs and number of tropical storms/ hurricanes, but found a global decrease in tropical cyclone days since 1995 to 2004 after a peak in 1995. Webster (2005) concludes that their data points to a 30 year increase in more frequent and intense hurricanes. This links in with Bender et al, (2010) model that found the frequency of intense hurricanes should increase, but the number of hurricanes will decrease in a warmer world due to global warming. Vecchi and Knutson (2008) found that Atlantic tropical cyclone counts may have increased since the 19th century but with an average decrease in tropical cyclone duration over time. On the other hand Emanuel (2005) found that the duration of storms in the North Atlantic had increased since 1949 but he warns this may be due to changes in reporting practices. Overall the research gives very mixed results. There is little work done on whether with climate change there will be changes in tracks (Walsh, 2004). Work that has been done varies in the results. Most of the results show little change in tracks, under simulations of enhanced greenhouse conditions and warmer SSTs (Knutson and Tuleya 1999, Tsutsui 2002). This research concentrated on the Pacific, and mainly in the North. This then does not give a picture of what may happen in other basins such as the North Atlantic. The research done has mainly used models to simulate tropical cyclone tracks, with more data every year data analysis and statistical methods could be used better to analyse past tracks. (Walsh and Reading, 1991: Vecchi and Knutson, 2008) have suggested that in the North Atlantic basin there has been a shift in the position of tropical cyclones to the east of the basin using data analysis but did point to possible changes due to better data collection methods. Wang and Chan (2002) concentrate on tropical cyclone tracks in the North Pacific and demonstrated mainly how El Nià ±o affects the tracks due to changes in El Nià ±o. This then shows that El Nià ±o has this affect in the North Pacific but has not been shown to have an impact on tracks in the North Atlantic or other basins. 1.2.4 What the future holds Due to the theory of climate change there have been many ideas about how tropical cyclones will react, research using statistics has created many climatic models of tracks and what could happen. Quite a few conclusions have been drawn due to the idea of increasing sea surface temperatures, which could cause increases in frequency and intensity of storms but no firm evidence has yet been found due to uncertainties in the data and the number of parameters which could also affect tropical cyclones. Further uncertainties with how the climate will change mean no conclusions have been made yet for future predictions. Overall there is no agreement on what will happen to tropical cyclones in a warmer climate (Villarini et al., 2011). Looking at past data has issues due to the inaccuracies that might have occurred before the satellite era. Landsea et al (2010) discusses this issue and found that the occurrence of short lived storms has increased over the last century but medium and intense storms havent. He concludes that this is most likely due to better equipment picking up storms, as well as storms being identified as cyclones when in the past they wouldnt have been. 1.2.5 Why is the research being done, how is it different from other research Research into tropical cyclones is important due to the impacts cyclones have on the human and natural world. Most research has focused on frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones. Not much work has been previously done on tracks, or the starting points of tropical cyclones. This research looks into where storms form throughout the North Atlantic basin and if this has changed in the basin over time, as well as focusing on recurving cyclones. Wang and Chan (2002) did look at tracks and formation in the Pacific, but one of the issues with the North Pacific was that the record is quite short. The North Atlantic has the longest reliable record (Goldenberg, et al, 2001) and will be examined in this study.

Themes In Once And Future King Essay -- essays research papers

T. H. White's The Once and Future King is one of the most complete and unique portrayals of the immortal legend of King Arthur. Though it has been in print for less than half a century, it has already been declared a classic by many, and is often referred to as the "bible" of Arthurian legend. White recreates the epic saga of King Arthur, from his childhood education and experiences until his very death, in a truly insightful and new way. This is not, however, the first complete novel of Arthur's life. In the fifteenth century, Sir Thomas Malory wrote Morte d'Arthur, the first complete tale of Arthur's life. Since then, a countless number of books have been written on the subject, yet none can compare to The Once and Future King. It has easily become the most popular of all the Arthurian novels as it is loved by both children and adults. Though similar in many ways to other works of the same subject, such as Malory's, White gives new details, meanings, and insightful modern ization to the story, giving it an earthy quality, which the reader can identify with. White's rendering of the Arthurian legend differs from the traditional versions in that he includes contemporary knowledge and concepts, adds new stories and characters to the legend, and provides new perspectives by probing deeper into the existing tales. Anachronism It is the contemporary tone in The Once and Future King, which gives the novel its present-day feeling. This helps the reader to relate to the story, rather than placing it in strictly within the context of the Arthurian period. For example, early in the novel Eton College is referred to, which White then points out "was not founded until 1440," but the place was nevertheless "of the same sort"(4). Another example of anachronism can be found during a discussion between Merlyn and Wart, when Merlyn exclaims "Castor and Pollux blow me to Bermuda!" (86). During the days of Arthur, Bermuda was an unknown place, and would not be discovered until the fifteenth century. Though these references have no true significance to the plot of the story, White uses anachronism as a device to aid the reader in association with the context. And, as in other of White's novels, "the author's presence is apparent" (Fries 260), giving the feeling of an oral storytell ing. These "almost too frequent histori... ... often" (28). This depiction of Merlyn shows his amusing and funny personality, which White exposes throughout the novel. The frequent use of comedy gives White's novel a unique twist which cannot be found in the traditional versions of the story. When T. H. White decided to write The Once and Future King, he realized that his task would be an ambitious one. He faced the challenge of telling a tale which has been present for centuries, in a new way which would make it of interest to readers. His recreation of the Arthurian legend more than lives up to that challenge. The addition of new themes, anachronism, characters such as King Pellinore, and new adventures gives the novel a unique flair without straying too far from the traditional legend. The deeper interpretations of the characters and events in the story provide for a truth and authenticity not to be found in similar works, and the sense of humor gives White's novel an individual touch. T. H. White's The Once and Future King is one of the best retellings of the Arthurian legend, and his additions to the tale create an invigorating and entertaining combination, ranking it among the most popular and best read of all.

Faculty Attendance System Using Automatic Image Processing Essay

As technology grows fast, certain advancements are being developed nowadays and life is getting even better to live with. It makes every task as easy as possible and nothing seems too tiring if human tasks are aided with technology. It can be applied in any aspects of life. Computer technology would be the first on the list that provides great potential for improving effectiveness and efficiency of the information system. The use of computer has not become a major tool to simplify job and task. There is no doubt that computer technology has had a great impact on society and also brought many technical developments with it. It has brought many changes to the way we live as individual as well as members of societies and organizations. It has had major effects and changes on the economy, health, education, industry, agriculture and many other fields. The ability of computers in gathering, processing, presenting and sending large amount of information has had major changes in the way large organizations as well individuals organize their lives. Computers are at work, in schools and many other places. The human face plays an important role in our social interaction, conveying people’s identity. Using human face as a key to security, the biometrics face recognition technology has received significant attention in the past several years due to its potential for a wide variety of applications in both law enforcement and non-law enforcement. As compared with other biometrics systems using fingerprint/palm print and iris, face recognition has distinct advantages because of its non-contact process. Face images can be captured from a distance without touching the person being identified, and the identification does not require interacting with the person. In recent years, face recognition has attracted much attention and its research has rapidly expanded by not only engineers but also neuroscientists, since it has many potential applications in computer vision communication and automatic access control system. Especially, face detection is an important part of face recognition as the first step of automatic face recognition. However, face detection is not straightforward because it has lots of variations of image appearance, such as pose variation (front, non-front), cclusion, image orientation, illuminating condition and facial expression. With the continuous development and progress of science and technology, facial biometric recognition technology has become more sophisticated and perfect. As the world’s most cutting-edge biometric technology and image processing technology, facial biometric recognition technology will play a unique and irreplaceable role in today’s public security prevent, arrest fugitives, network security, financial security and many other areas. It is a milestone of development and progress of human society science and technology. It will be widely used in public security, aviation, ports, customs, banks, large enterprises, large-scale conferences, high-end clubs, important streets, docks and other places of security. It will bring revolutionary changes for safety defend and prevention of the current complicated domestic security situation. Face recognition serves the crime deterrent purpose because face images that have been recorded and archived can later help identify a person. Many citizens express concern that their privacy is being compromised by the use of surveillance technologies by corporations and the state. Some fear that it could lead to a total surveillance society, with the government and other authorities having the ability to know the whereabouts and activities of all citizens around the clock. This knowledge has, is and could continue to be deployed to prevent the lawful exercise of rights of citizens to criticize those in office, specific government policies or corporate practices. Many centralized power structures with such surveillance capabilities have abused their privileged access to maintain control of the political and economic apparatus and curtail populist reforms. Facial recognition can be used not just to identify an individual, but also to unearth other personal data associated with an individual – such as other photos featuring the individual, blog posts, social networking profiles, Internet behavior, travel patterns, etc. – all through facial features alone. Moreover, individuals have limited ability to avoid or thwart facial recognition tracking unless they hide their faces. This fundamentally changes the dynamic of day-to-day privacy by enabling any marketer, government agency, or random stranger to secretly collect the identities and associated personal information of any individual captured by the facial recognition system. Purpose and Description Nowadays, industry is experiencing many technological advancement and changes in methods of learning. With the rise of globalization, it is becoming essential to find an easier and more effective system to help an organization or company. In spite of this matter, there are still business establishments and schools that use the old-fashioned way. In a certain way, one thing that is still in manual process is the recording of attendance. Face detection is a computer technology that determines the locations and sizes of human faces in arbitrary (digital) images. It detects facial features and ignores anything else, such as buildings, trees and bodies. Dealing with this matter, the proponents thought of an easy way to do the checking of attendance. This study entitled is intended to develop an attendance monitoring system to be used inside the school vicinity of Batangas State University JPLPC Campus for better management of employees. We come up with a computerized attendance-monitoring system using image processing. It serves as a timed log-in/ log-out system that is set up as a computerized database. This system maintains a daily record of a faculty’s arrival and departure time from work. Aside from the records of time and date, our system features the name, position and the assigned number of each staff. So it also serves as an identification profile system. The system also protects the employees by providing the exact number of hours they worked, making it much more difficult for employers to cheat them out of their wages. This thesis features all important facts about our system as well as its importance.

Research Paper on Drug Use Essay

Drug use in today’s society is something that has become too common. We have a large percentage of our population using drugs for numerous reasons. The stresses of our fast paced lives can be the reason we need drugs to keep up. We sometime take these drugs with out thinking of the future consequences and risk that might be attached to them. We have to teach society of the dangers of drugs and the treatment available to quit using. We have too many people using drugs in our society today. â€Å"In 1996, 50. % of high school seniors had used some illegal drug at some time during their life, 40. 2% during the previous year, and 24. 6% during the previous month. † This shows that at least half of the senior class in high schools use or have use drugs. These numbers are from 1996 from then to now the number has grown drastically. If these people are using drugs as seniors it most evident that they will use drugs after high school. â€Å"A 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health showed that among all youths aged 12 to 17, 6% had tried prescription drugs for recreational use in the last month. Kids as young as 12 years old are using prescription drugs to get high this tell me that their parent are to busy to supervising them or just don’t care enough to prevent them from doing so. If teenagers can use the drugs they have at home to get high how are we supposed to prevent them from using them? People don’t use drugs simply for the fact to get high, but also to cope with problems in their lives. When someone uses drugs to deal with the stresses of the everyday life it is easier to develop an addiction to the drug. A study based on a sample of 20,291 individuals drawn from the community at large found that more than half of those who met the medical criteria for diagnosis as drug abusers also suffered from one or more mental disorders at some point during their lifetime. This included 28% with anxiety disorders, 26% with mood disorders (depression), 18% with antisocial personality disorder, and 7% with schizophrenia. Some had multiple disorders. The prevalence of mental disorders varied with the drug being abused, ranging from 50% of marijuana abusers to 76% of those who abused cocaine. Almost half of the drug abusers also suffered from alcohol abuse at some point during their lifetime. † People don’t only use drugs get high or deal with the stresses of life, but also to deal with the problems with in them. People use drugs to cope with their anxieties, depression and schizophrenia. With the drugs the people feel that the disorder they have does not exist. They believe that they are everyone else and there is nothing wrong with them. â€Å"Initial low-level involvement with drugs may result from peer pressure, drug availability or other risk factors in an individual’s social or family environment. Many individuals use drugs to fit in with friends or to be excepted by a crowd of higher popularity than them. This happens a lot in high school with younger students being pressured by upper classmen. People sometime do things without thinking about the repercussions of their actions. â€Å"Some people think that prescription drugs are safer and less addictive than street drugs†¦. But prescription drugs are only safe for the individuals who actually have prescriptions for them. That’s because a doctor has examined these people and prescribed the right dose of medication for a specific medical condition. The doctor has also told them exactly how they should take the medicine, including things to avoid while taking the drug — such as drinking alcohol, smoking, or taking other medications. They also are aware of potentially dangerous side effects and can monitor patients closely for these. † Someone might take someone else’s prescription drug with alcohol not knowing that there could serious risk in doing so. For a childish mistake like mix the wrong prescriptions together a person can dead. â€Å"Whether they’re using street drugs or medications, drug abusers often have trouble at school, at home, with friends, or with the law. The likelihood that someone will commit a crime, be a victim of a crime, or have an accident is higher when that person is abusing drugs — no matter whether those drugs are medications or street drugs. † There more consequences to using drugs then just the health risk. You can be arrested for using another persons prescriptions just you can for using street drugs. Some prescription drugs such as opioids can make you hallucinate. This becomes dangerous because the person under the influence of the drug can be driving a vehicle and cause an accident putting their life and others around them in danger. 17,000 people die from all illicit drug use, Direct and Indirect a year. 7,600 people die from Non- Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Such As Aspirin a year. † People don’t realize how many people actually die from drug abuse until they see the numbers. People need to think before taking drugs an realize that every action has its consequences. If your using drugs do it for the right reason not to get high to forget your problem. You might get rid of your troubles for a short amount of time but they be back when your sober. Drugs can either help you or hurt you, but you have to decide.

The Jungle Book Report essays

The Jungle Book Report essays The Jungle, written by Upton Sinclair is a harsh book that shows the reality of life. It tells how an immigrant goes through harsh times and death, which brings on depression, jail and a life of crime. In time, the life of crime and depression are fought off by two socialist speakers, which make him realize he can do more with his life. Newly arrived immigrants to Chicago Jurgis Radkus and Ona Lukoszaite along with Jurgis father and Elzbietas six children use the little money left by Onas deceased father to marry Jurgis and Ona. They then buy part of a filthy apartment and are married. All of the family able to work found work easily. Jurgis learns how badly treated workers are and how unsanitary the conditions to work will be. This lead to the death of his father. Jurgis sprains his ankle and is out of work for a long while. When he regained his health his search for work failed because he was lacking the strength he needed. Lack of money lead to starvation and unsanitary conditions cause the death of Elzbietas two crippled sons. Jurgis then has to take a low paying job at a fertilizer plant. To escape these harsh conditions Jurgis took to drinking. Ona now is unreliable and gone for long periods of time, due to this Jurgis confronts her to find out she has had forced adultery by Connor a foreman at his work. Jurgis attacks him and is thrown in to jail for assault. On his release he learns the family has lost their house. Ona goes into unexpected labor and her and the newborn pass away. Jurgis finds work to try to support his first son but is soon laid off. His new work at the steal mill raise the familys spirits until the drowning of Jurgis first son in the rising rivers. Jurgis meets a new friend in a saloon and receives a one hundred-dollar bill, which he tries to break. This leads to a fight and he is in jail once again. The breaking of his arm then s ...

Resumes for New Grads 5 Great Tips to Organize your Education Section

Resumes for New Grads 5 Great Tips to Organize your Education Section I wrote this article for New Grad Life, so its catered to new grads, but a lot of the advice is relevant to anyone who has significant items to include under Education.   Of course, if youve been out of school for 10 years, do NOT put the Education section first (that advice is for new grads only)!   A possible exception is if you are applying for a job at a university where the name of your undergraduate or graduate institution is the most important credential you have on your resume. Read here: 5 Great Tips to Organize Your Education Section Category:Resume TipsBy Brenda BernsteinFebruary 6, 2010

Daltons Model of the Atom and Early Atomic Theory

Dalton's Model of the Atom and Early Atomic Theory You may take it for granted that matter is made up of atoms, but what we consider common knowledge was unknown until relatively recently in human history. Most science historians credit John Dalton, a British physicist, chemist, and meteorologist, with the development of modern atomic theory. Early Theories While the ancient Greeks believed atoms made matter, they disagreed on what atoms were. Democritus recorded that  Leucippus believed atoms to be small, indestructible bodies that could combine to change properties of matter.  Aristotle believed elements each had their own special essence, but he did not think the properties extended down to tiny, invisible particles. No one really questioned Aristotles theory, since tools did not exist to examine matter in detail. Along Comes Dalton So, it wasnt until the 19th century that scientists conducted experiments on the nature of matter. Daltons experiments focused on gases their properties, what happened when they were combined, and the similarities and differences between different types of gases. What he learned led him to propose several laws, which are known collectively as Daltons Atomic Theory or Daltons Laws: Atoms are small, chemically indestructible particles of matter. Elements consist of atoms.Atoms of an element share common properties.Atoms of different elements have different properties and different atomic weights.Atoms that interact with each other obey the Law of Conservation of Mass. Essentially, this law states the number and kinds of atoms that react are equal to the number and kinds of atoms in the products of a chemical reaction.Atoms that combine with each other obey the Law of Multiple Proportions. In other words, when elements combine, the ratio in which the atoms combine can be expressed as a ratio of whole numbers. Dalton is also known for proposing gas laws (Daltons Law of Partial Pressures) and explaining color blindness. Not all of his scientific experiments could be called successful. For example, some believe the stroke he suffered might have resulted from research using himself as a subject, in which he poked himself in the ear with a sharp stick to  Ã¢â‚¬Å"investigate the humours that move inside of my cranium.†

Criminal treatment Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal treatment - Annotated Bibliography Example Considered the factors of age, sexuality and gender in the examination of crime, in conjunction with the issue being examined in the traditional class-based approach. The authors discussed topics ranging from criminology and the study of class, race, gender; victimology and the patterns of victimization; and criminal prosecution, among others. The book is comprehensive and relevant given the most recent information contained with the authors being professors of criminology and sociology. The contents and information in the book is highly relevant in the current research and are intended for various audiences ranging from students, practioners, researches and lawmakers, as deemed necessary. Byrne, James M and Faye S. Taxman. "Crime Control Strategies and Community Change – Reframing the Surveillance vs. Treatment Debate." Federal Probation (2006): Volume 70, Number 1, 3 - 12. Examined and discussed David Farabee’s contention that argued the ‘liberal’ treatment offender strategies in terms of their ability treat offenders by proposing an alternative offender change strategy. The authors, Byrne and Taxman, are both professors in the fields of criminal justice, and government and public policy, respectively; with the article being written fairly currently in perspective, thereby increasing the credibility and validity of the discourse. The intended audiences for the article are students and practitioners of criminal justice, who would benefit from the recommended change strategy encompassing both institution-based and community

Should All Intangible Assets Be Shown in the Balance Sheet Research Proposal

Should All Intangible Assets Be Shown in the Balance Sheet - Research Proposal Example Accounting, as a profession, also grew in importance as the complications regarding the nature of the business also grew simultaneously. The use of creative accounting by the firm have necessitated a large scale changes to take place within accounting literature to suggest more radical approaches to handling many â€Å" creative accounting† issues of importance. A major offshoot was that intangible assets grew in gross disproportion to tangible assets. Still, despite growing ‘suspect’ irregularities in accounting of intangible assets that emerged from time to time, the world did not place proper regulations in place; one of these missing regulations included presenting clear and proper information of all intangible assets in the balance sheet. In the backdrop of Enron disaster, UK and US has initiated many changed in different accounting practices such as amendments made in IAS 38 however, there is still lot to be done in terms of intangible asset disclosure in ac counting statements as some of the firms are still engaged in practices of evading the inclusion of intangible assets into their balance sheet.... Statement of the Problem Intangible assets are defined as assets with the quality of being identifiable as well as quantifiable apart from the goodwill. Thus most of the financial assets used by the firms, mostly with the intention of leveraging the business, are considered as intangible assets. However the use of intangible assets as one of the critical means of hiding some of the highest importance accounting information with the potential to affect the decision making of investors is on increase as companies, despite tightening regulations and accounting standards is using them to conceal different facts. This has become even more important in the wake of the biggest corporate scandals like Enron and World Com both of which tried to conceal important facts through the reporting of accounting information in more creative way. The use of intangible assets was one of the most important mean used by these firms to hid information. This also creates very interesting ethical questions of the accounting practices being used by the firms. This research will attempt to discuss whether, the scope of the disclosure of the tangible assets in balance sheet should be increased to include all the tangible assets to be reported on the financial statements Literature Review The concept of intangible assets, in itself, is a very important and somewhat different qualities associated to them. (Berry, 2004, 15). Intangible assets hold a very different and somewhat blurred distinction between what comprise of the intellectual capital of the firm i.e. in the form of its human resources, copyrights, patents etc however, on the other hand financial assets are also often

Rationale for workers compensation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Rationale for workers compensation - Essay Example One of the objectives of workers compensation is prevention of accidents. The theory underlying in this is that employers will invest in accident- prevention programs to hold down compensation costs. Lower insurance premiums come as payoff to employers resulting to fewer accidents. Another objective is allocation of costs whereby cost allocation is spread cost of workers’ compensation appropriately and proportionately ranging from the most to the least hazardous. Replacement of income for the injured employees is another objective for workers compensation whereby it replaces the lost income due to injuries occurred during the job. Rehabilitation of the injured employee is the last objective of workers compensation It is difficult to make generalizations of who is in workers compensation. Eighty percent of the work force in America is covered, but those who are not covered are categorized as the general agricultural employees, domestic employees, casual employees, hazardous work employees, religious employees, employees of a small organization, maritime employees, contractors, minors and extraterritorial employees. Workers compensation help prevents future accidents by limiting stress-related claims, streamlining administration of the system and limiting vocational rehabilitation benefits (Wickert, 2012). In summary, workers compensation is here to benefit both the employers and employees in the end for smooth running of the

Marx and Weber and Foucault Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marx and Weber and Foucault - Essay Example n these countries commonly cause a significant weakness in the unity of the people within the third world counties, which is essential for economic and political development. Foucault on the other hand believes that insufficient leadership within these third world countries remains the fundamental challenge. The structures existing within these countries a relatively poorly structured and they become hindrances to development within the third world countries. The organisation of the social systems, was fundamental in the results produced from performances undertaken within the society. Foucault believes that the solution to this challenge remains staying focused on achieving excellent results which would present one with capability to lead others. 2. In what ways do these theorists agree or disagree about the nature of power, the role of class, and the function of cultural norms and values. How does each conceive of the nature and possibility of freedom? The philosophers have fundamental perceptions of powers has having significant influence on the social setting which constructs the society. The three philosophers agree on the significant influence of power upon the social order of the society and the necessity to have effective leadership within the societies. The philosophers, however disagree on the element of individualism and cultural values, and the fundamental influence which they present to the entire society. Marx believes in power coming through social conflicts, where the individuals who provide solutions to the existing problems become perceived as having the essential power to lead the others. Weber on the other hand believes that the society remains a fundamental determinant of the legitimate power possessed by leaders, Foucault defines the society as having limited impact of the legitimacy of the power of leaders. Individuals gain power based on their capabilities to perform exemplary well within the social setting. The element of freedom is

Unit 5 discussion art and hummanities Research Paper

Unit 5 discussion art and hummanities - Research Paper Example Instead of keeping the hopelessness to himself, he would even discourage the wife who at least had some fire (Yezierska, 1997). James Hughes Langston was born in 1902, in Missouri. He was raised by his grandmother following the divorce of his parents. At thirteen, he later moved to Illinois to join his mother who lived her husband. It was hear that James began his writing career as a poet. James Hughes after graduating from the University of Colombia, spent a couple of years participating in odd jobs such as launderer, busboy and seaman. His many works of poetry, plays, short stories and novels majorly revolved around the black life in America. He later succumbed to prostate cancer and hitherto, is remembered for his huge input on the works of literature. That affects people all over the world. There are some basic needs and desires that apply to the whole world and most people are bound to relate to a story that dwells on such. I perceived the poem as a cry for justice. The poet vented out the inequalities that existed in America, and personified most oppressed groups and the hopes and desires that lie within them. He does not end on a gloomy note since he offers hope that maybe someday this people will have equal opportunities when America becomes what it ought to be. The idea behind the poem is to show that to depict America as having the ideal of equality would be hypocritical. This is because most opportunities are taken up by the elite without regard to the lower classes of the community. In some instances, these opportunities are not even meant for them, they just grab them. Ted Kooser who was born in 1939 in Ames, Iowa received his first Bachelor degree in Arts from Iowa State and later earned his master’s degree in the same field from the University of Nebraska. He has authored and co-authored more than ten collections of poetry and books both fiction and non-fiction. Kooser’s works of poetry is

Poverty in america Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Poverty in america - Essay Example Conservatives tend to focus on the poor, suggesting their behaviors are the cause of their poverty. Liberals, on the other hand, believe that poverty is created through social problems that cannot be solved by focusing on an individual. Poverty is a social issue and both liberals and conservatives have strong opinions on the topic. Liberal Point of View In their book on the welfare system and the aspects of social policies that have inadequately approached understanding the problem of poverty, Joel Handler and Yeheskel Hasenfeld suggest that the biggest problem with the system is that it is perpetually built upon a structure of myths that do not accurately represent the problem within the United States. The pervasive policy that causes the worst decision making is that through getting if the impoverished would just get a job, the impoverished state of a family would be improved. This policy does not take into consideration the low wages of most positions that are available without a college education, the cost of providing a roof, and most importantly, the lack of jobs and the impermanence of low paying jobs within the United States (Handler and Hasenfeld 4). This theory does not take into account that there are not enough jobs for the labor force. The liberal point of view embraces the idea that being poor is a state that comes from circumstance, many of which are out of the control of the individual. This point of view recognizes that poverty affects lives and that not having adequate shelter, food, or resources for health perpetuates a problem that may never be rectified even if those things are provided due to the economic state of the nation. Handler and Hasenfeld argue that one of the problems with defining poverty in the United States is the assumption that attaining a state above the federally defined poverty line means that a family is adequately supported through their own means. However, this is not often the case. The elements that go into to determ ining the concept of the poverty line are ’deeply flawed’, providing an inaccurate picture of the struggle of financial insecurity within the United States (Handler and Hasenfeld 5). In exploring the liberal point of view, there are many aspects to discuss, but the argument that Handler and Hasenfeld have made about the myths upon which public policy has been built appears to support the basic liberal viewpoint about poverty. People have needs, whether or not they can work. Hunger, according to FRAC (Food Research and Action Center) affects 50.2 million people who are living in food insecure households, with 23.2% of all children not eating on a regular basis. Social support is not about defrauding the taxpayer through welfare, but in trying to find a way to support the needs of people who are starving and in need of basic services for which the state of the economy cannot provide. Incidentally Conservative Point of View One of the stronger theories from the conservati ve point of view which emerged in the 1970s and 1980s on the poor is that of behavioral poverty. Behavioral poverty is based upon the concept that certain behaviors, primarily three behaviors, contribute to the state of poverty. The behaviors that lead to overcoming poverty are â€Å"completing high school, once an adult, get married and stay married (even if not on the first try), and stay employed, even at a wage and under conditions below their ultimate aims†

Unit 5 discussion art and hummanities Research Paper

Unit 5 discussion art and hummanities - Research Paper Example Instead of keeping the hopelessness to himself, he would even discourage the wife who at least had some fire (Yezierska, 1997). James Hughes Langston was born in 1902, in Missouri. He was raised by his grandmother following the divorce of his parents. At thirteen, he later moved to Illinois to join his mother who lived her husband. It was hear that James began his writing career as a poet. James Hughes after graduating from the University of Colombia, spent a couple of years participating in odd jobs such as launderer, busboy and seaman. His many works of poetry, plays, short stories and novels majorly revolved around the black life in America. He later succumbed to prostate cancer and hitherto, is remembered for his huge input on the works of literature. That affects people all over the world. There are some basic needs and desires that apply to the whole world and most people are bound to relate to a story that dwells on such. I perceived the poem as a cry for justice. The poet vented out the inequalities that existed in America, and personified most oppressed groups and the hopes and desires that lie within them. He does not end on a gloomy note since he offers hope that maybe someday this people will have equal opportunities when America becomes what it ought to be. The idea behind the poem is to show that to depict America as having the ideal of equality would be hypocritical. This is because most opportunities are taken up by the elite without regard to the lower classes of the community. In some instances, these opportunities are not even meant for them, they just grab them. Ted Kooser who was born in 1939 in Ames, Iowa received his first Bachelor degree in Arts from Iowa State and later earned his master’s degree in the same field from the University of Nebraska. He has authored and co-authored more than ten collections of poetry and books both fiction and non-fiction. Kooser’s works of poetry is

Wal-Mart and Union Representation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wal-Mart and Union Representation - Essay Example Advantages: Some of most considerable advantages that Wal-Mart can get while being represented by unions include better working conditions, increased number of benefits, good compensation, and secure place in the market. Wal-Mart can struggle for these benefits with the help of unions. Almost every retailer wants better working conditions not only to operate effectively but also to earn high revenue. Efficient supply chain, better relationships with suppliers, security of supply, and improved compliance are some of the main aspects of good working conditions for retailers. Along with these benefits, Wal-Mart can also raise its voice for good compensation and secure place in the market under the umbrella of unions. Working alone in foreign countries can be risky for Wal-Mart because there will be no one to support the business moves in case of any change in the economic policy. Therefore, in working with unions, Wal-Mart can achieve the above-mentioned benefits for its retail stores present in C hina and Canada. Disadvantages The capacity to accommodate economic strikes is one of the main disadvantages of union representation. Another disadvantage can be the rules, which people have to abide by under the representation of unions. Apart from these disadvantages, there is no big disadvantage of union representation for Wal-Mart.... cant benefits, which unions can provide to the employees, include increased wages, reduction in wage inequality, better way to raise voice against discrimination, job security, better fringe and health benefits, and improved working conditions. Almost every employee working for any company or organization wants increase in the wages and job security. Union representation is a perfect way for the employees to achieve these goals. Unions work for the favor of employees and do everything, which can secure their professional future. Strong labor unions set the pay scales for the employees, which employers need to follow in order to avoid conflicts. The collective bargaining power of unions also protects employees from being dismissed without any mistake (Blank, n.d.). Unions not only help employees get fringe and heath benefits from the employers but also they raise their voice in order to convince governments to develop policies regarding reduction in wage differences and workplace disc riminations. Workers represented by unions get their basic rights and benefits regardless of their race, sex, or religion. Therefore, we can say that unions really help employees get a considerable number of benefits. The disadvantages of unions for employees are not big enough to overshadow the benefits of unions. Some of the main disadvantages include limited workplace flexibility and limitations to adhere to the plans of the unions. Answer: no: 3 Wal-Mart tends to slow or stop union representation in the United States. The consequences of Wal-Mart’s efforts can be detrimental both for Wal-Mart and for the employees working in the United States. The consequences for Wal-Mart can be poor working conditions, decreased number of benefits, and insecure place in the market in case of

Environmental Kuznets Curve definition and usage

Environmental Kuznets Curve definition and usage The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is a pragmatically, relationship that is assumed to trace the pollution path followed by countries as their per capita gross domestic product (GDP) grows and describes the relationship between per capita income and indicators of environmental degradation (Unruth and Moomaw, 1998). In the infant stages of development, the levels of some pollutants climb with increases in per capita income, while at advanced levels of development, environmental degradation follows a downward trend as income per capita is moving upwards. These results give rise to a bell shaped curve relating economic growth to environmental degradation, redolent of the relationship hypothesized by Kuznets (1995) between economic and income inequality (Nahman and Antrobus, 2005). The concept of EKC came out in the early 1990s with Grossman and Kruegers (1991) path-breaking study of the potential impacts of NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement). Origins of the EKC The environmental Kuznets curve is a hypothesized relationship between different indicators of environmental degradation and income per capita. At first stages of economic growth degradation and pollution increase, but further than some level of income per capita, the movement reverses, so that at high-income levels economic growth leads to environmental improvement. This means that the impact of environmental indicator is an inverted U-shaped function of income per capita (David, 2003) In other words, the distribution of income becomes more asymmetrical in early stage of income growth and then the distribution moves towards greater equality as economic growth continues (Kuznets, 1955). This liaison between income per capita and income inequality can be represented by a bell-shaped curve. This is viewed as an empirical phenomenon known as the Kuznets Curve (Dinda, 2004). The link between per capita income and income inequality is shown on Figure 1(refer to appendix) Criticism and drawbacks of the Kuznets Curve The Kuznets Curve has helped in studying the relationship between environmental pollutants and GDP of countries but it does have drawbacks too. Even Kuznet (1955) himself indicated that the Kuznets Curve Theory is not a perfect one and the relationship between income inequality and economic development cannot be assumed. He also declared that lot information in the paper has been speculated and thus further research work must be carried out. The reason behind the development of the Environmental Kuznets Curve Since the last decades, the increasing threat of global warming and climate change has been of major continuing concern. Organisations such as the United Nations have been trying to diminish the unfavourable impacts of global warming through intergovernmental and binding accords. After immense negotiations, the agreement namely the Kyoto protocol was signed in 1997. This protocol has the objective of reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) that cause climate change. The Kyoto protocol recognises limitations to environmental pollutants and necessitates a timetable for realisation of the emission reductions for the developed countries. During 2008 2012 periods the demands reduction of the GHG emissions to 5.2 % lower than the 1990 level. In 2005 it came into force: 178 states have signed and approved the protocol since April 2008 (Halicoglu, 2008). Greenhouse gas emissions particularly carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, are considered to be the core causes of global warming. Consequently, to pre vent global warming a number of countries have signed the Kyoto Protocol and agreed to diminish their emission levels. Galeotti and Lanza (1999) indicated that some developing states refused to sign the Kyoto Protocol based on the argument that the industrialisation and development process should be subject to no constraints, particularly for energy production and consumption. One probable foundation for this position is the belief that while pollution increases with growth in GDP, it happens a point where pollution goes down. This view calls for a careful analysis of the relationship between economic growth and pollution. This relationship is obviously very complex as it depends on numerous different factors such as: The countrys size, The sectoral structure, including the composition of the demand for energy, The vintage of the technology, The demand for environmental quality, The level and quality of environmental protection expenditures. Shafik (1994) reports that the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality has been a source of great disagreement for a lengthy period of time. On one side it has been observed that greater economic activity unavoidably leads to environmental degradation and finally to possible economic and ecological collapse. At the other side is the view that those environmental nuisances worth solving will be tackled more or less automatically as a consequence of economic growth. Previous to 1970, there was a conviction that the raw materials consumptions, energy and natural resources were growing at the same pace as economy grows. In the early 1970s, the Club of Romes Limits of Growth view (Meadows et al., 1972) was brazen about the concern for the accessibility of natural resource of the Earth. They argued that the finiteness of ecological resources would prevent economic growth and advocated for a solid state economy with zero growth to avoid striking ecological circumstances in the future. This view has been criticised on both hypothetical and empirical grounds. Experimental works shows that the ratio of consumption of some metals to income was falling in developed countries during the 1970s, which brings divergence with the predictions set out in the Limits to Growth view (Maleness, 1978). Natural environment not only provide natural resources important for economic development but also execute the vital function of supporting life, if man persist to exp loit environment recklessly, then it would not be able to sustain life any longer. Environmental Kuznets Curve definition and graphical illustration The EKC follows the name of Nobel Laureate Simon Kuznets who had remarkably hypothesized an inverted U income-inequality relationship (Kuznets, 1955). In the 1990s economists detected this relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation. Since then this relationship is known as Environmental Kuznets Curve. According to the EKC theory as a country develops, the pollution increases, but after reaching a specific level of economic progress (Y*) pollution begin to decrease as in figure 2. The EKC hypothesis suggests that environmental degradation is something unavoidable at the first stage of economic growth, so a developing country is forced to tolerate this degradation in order to develop. The x-axis symbolize the economic growth which is measured by GDP per capita and the y-axis represents the environmental degradation which is measured by many different pollution indicators such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, deforestation etc. The shapes of the Environmental Kuznets Curves. The relation between income and environmental pressure can be sketched in a several ways; firstly one can distinguish monotonic and non-monotonic curves. Monotonic curves may show either mounting pollution with rising incomes, as in the case of municipal waste per capita or decreasing. But, non-monotonic patterns may be more probable in other cases and two types have been recommended, namely inverted-U and N-shaped curves. The pattern discovered in experiential research depend on the types of pollutants scrutinised and the models that have been used for inference. Four speculative opinions are presented in favour of an inverted-U curve for (local) air pollutants, which can be listed as: Positive income elasticitys for environmental quality, Structural changes in production and consumption, Rising information on environmental consequences of economic activities as income rises and More international trade and more open political systems with increasing levels of income (Selden and Song 1994). Others, for example Pezzey (1989) and Opschoor (1990), have argued that such inverted-U relationships may not hold in the long run. They anticipated a so-called N-shaped curve which demonstrates the same pattern as the inverted-U curve initially, but beyond a certain income level the relationship between environmental pressure and income is positive again. Delinking is thus considered a temporary phenomenon. Opschoor (1990), for example, argues that once technological efficiency enhancements in resource use or abatement opportunities have been exhausted or have become too expensive, further income growth will result in net environmental degradation. Despite these considerations empirical evidence so far has been largely in favour of the inverted-U instead of the N shaped relationship (de Bruyn et al., 1998). The shortcomings of EKC analysis A number of critical studies of the EKC literature have been published (e.g. Ansuategi et al., 1998; Arrow et al., 1995; Ekins, 1997; Pearson, 1994; Stern et al., 1996; Stern, 1998). Theoretical critique This section discusses the criticisms that were raised against the EKC on theoretical (rather than methodological) grounds. One of the main criticisms of the EKC models is the assumption that environment and growth are not interrelated. In simple words the EKC hypothesis assumes no feedback between income and the pollution of environment. Fare et al., (2001) refer that due to the non-availability of actual data on environmental quality is the major restriction of all EKC studies. Environmental quality is something that is not measured accurately. Therefore, a guide of environmental quality, which could be a better measurement, should be developed and used to examine the EKC hypothesis. According to Ekins (2000), consideration in assessing the strength of the estimation is the reliability of the data used. However, there is little sign that the data problems are serious enough to shed doubt on the basic environment-income link for any particular environmental indicator, but the results in fact imply that this might be the case. Stern (2004) draws his attention to the mean median problem. He underlines that early EKC studies showed that a number of indicators: 2 SO emissions, x NO, and deforestation, peak at income levels around the current world mean per capita income. A hasty glimpse at the available econometric estimates might have lead one to believe that, given likely future levels of mean income per capita, environmental degradation should turn down from the present onward. Income is not yet, normally distributed but very skewed, with much larger numbers of people below mean income per capita than above it. Hence, this shows a median rather than mean income that is the relevant variable. Another problem related with the EKC studies is the little attention that has been paid to the statistical properties of time series. Very few studies in the past investigated the presence of unit root in time series of variables used to investigate the validity of the EKC. 2) Econometric critique Stern (2004) in a survey argues that the econometric criticisms of the EKC fall into four main categories: heteroscedasticity, simultaneity, omitted variables bias, and cointegration issues. Perman and Stern (2003) investigate the data and models for unit roots and cointegration respectively. Panel unit root tests designate that all three series log sulfur emissions per capita, log GDP capita, and its square have stochastic trends. Results for cointegration are less definite. About half the individual country EKC regressions cointegrate but many of these have limitations with incorrect signs. Some panel cointegration tests point out cointegration in all countries and some accept the non-cointegration hypothesis. However, even when cointegration is found, the form of the EKC relationship varies radically across countries with many countries having U-shaped EKCs. In case there is a common cointegrating vector in all countries it will be strongly rejected. Coondoo and Dinda (2002) carried out an analysis for Granger Causality between CO2 emissions and income in various individual countries and regions. In general model that emerges is that causality runs from income to emissions or that there is no significant relationship in developing countries, while in developed countries causality runs from emissions to income. Still, in every case the relationship is positive so that there is no EKC type effect. Data and Time Series Properties To study the relationship between the GDP of Mauritius and the C02 emission in Mauritius the annual data that are being used are; total C02 emission from 1976 to 2008, the real GDP from 1976 to 2008, and the population of Mauritius from 1976 to 2008. From these sets of data it can be clearly seen that while population and C02 emission has been increasing, during these years the real GDP has been fluctuating a bit. In mid 1970s after the independence there has been a lot of development and transformation in our country. Our economy was diversified and more jobs were created. Furthermore we received more foreign aid. By the late 1970s our economy deteriorated a bit mainly due to the increase in petroleum price in the world market and this lead to less government subsidies and devaluation of our Mauritian Rupees. Then by late 1980s the economy experience steady growth and also a high level of employment, declining inflation and more domestic savings. This period was also marked by the boom in the sugar industry. Though the development slowed down in the 1990s there was a gradual development of the local financial institutions and at the same time our domestic information telecommunication industry boomed. By the start of the 21st ce ntury there our financial services sector became a very important pillar of the economy with an increasing number of offshore enterprises. Finally our economy developed a lot due to the seafood processing and export during the last 10 years.

20,000 Leagues Under the Sea Essay -- essays research papers

Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea Some time ago, I decided to read Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea, by Jules Verne. I figured that because it was so well known it must be an extremely interesting book. In addition, it was science fiction, the one area that I was always interested. My assumption was only partially correct, for I only was to a degree interested in the piece of writing. When Jules Verne was writing this book, he must have been reading some incredibly dull science book the day before, for that was what the book was written as. The style of writing was utterly against my tastes, and though the plot was moderately interesting, the style of writing really ruined it. Often, the author will trail off describing some marine animal for pages at a time. Two entire chapters were almost entirely this! However, the setting and characters of the story seemed to be well thought out. Nevertheless, 20,000 Leagues under the Sea was an extremely tedious volume. When the story w as introduced, Jules Verne described M. Aronnax, the main character, whose love for marine biology was more important than anything else to him did. This immediately led to the international crisis about a bizarre aquatic creature, which immediately dragged M. Aronnax into the action. Due to his expertise on the matter, the public expected Pierre to be the one to solve this mystery. M. Aronnax, under all this pressure, concluded that the animal was to be called the Narwhale. At first, the mat...

Wing Luke Asian Museum Web Site :: essays research papers

Wing Luke Asian Museum Website The Wing Luke Asian Museum is a multicultural museum housing art, film, and other records of the Northwest Asian Pacific culture. The Museum states that it is dedicated to "the collection, preservation, and display of Asian Pacific American culture, history and art.". The Museum was founded 1967, in honor of the first Asian pacific American to be elected to the Seattle council (in 1962). Wing Luke was killed in a plane crash just 3 years later, and the community rallied together to establish the Wing Luke Museum. The museum is run mainly on community support and independent donation, which it has done since its establishment. The exhibits and programs The Wing Luke puts on are made by a collaboration of museum professionals and dedicated community members. This community support is really what drives the Wing Luke museum and makes it special. The website of the Wing Luke Asian Museum [ http://www.wingluke.org ] uses a very simple and straightforward layout to help it's visitors find the information they need. The website also comes through with a lots of information about the museum, and it's community. Adding to all this is an online version of the Wing Luke Asian Museum's monthly newsletter, which is packed with tons of news and information about upcoming exhibits and projects being put on by the Wing Luke. The Online newsletter is archived regularly, and even though it is a newsletter for members, they let anyone download and read up on current happenings. The Wing Luke website also contains many external links to a wide array of Topics, including information on local art and history resources, and resources for Asian Pacific Americans, Japanese Americans, Korean Americans, Chinese Americans, and Filipino Americans as well. The web page also links to many other Seattle area museums, which is a nice addition. Other Museums dealing with Asian Pacific American issues are also linked to, rounding out the resource set. The Wing Luke web page uses a simple text on background layout, providing quick download times, and fast refresh rates. However, though serving to give the web page accessibility to a vast majority of web surfers, the web page has a very dated look to it, which really takes away from the overall professionalism of the website. The color scheme is generally black on white, with red hyperlinks. This clean look provides maximum text legibility, while not distracting the reader.

Acquainted With the Night, An AP Analysis Essay

Robert Frost, the author of, â€Å"Acquainted With the Night† uses many literary devises to tell the speaker’s attitude toward the city and the speaker’s current life. Frost uses language such as diction and imagery, details, and metaphors to reveal the speaker’s attitude of loneliness and depression. Diction plays a major role in helping the audience, or reader understand the attitude of the speaker. Words such as, â€Å"saddest†, â€Å"unwilling†, and â€Å"cry† are all words used to describe emotions of loneliness or despair. The speaker obviously has something lingering on his mind that he can not put behind him. He is weary and upset. The word â€Å"night† alone connotes to many other low words, such as, dark, cold, quiet, or alone. The word â€Å"rain† symbolizes coldness, and the uncomfortableness that comes along with being wet. Images also play a major role in understanding the attitude of the speaker. The image of the rain falling down when the speaker goes out, and that it is still there when he comes back shows that the speaker can never get away from his problem. The fact that when the speaker stopped walking he also â€Å"stopped the sound of feet†, meaning that he was the only person around, again leading back to the idea th at he is mourning in his state of loneliness. These words and images help to show the speaker’s attitude. There are many details that Frost added to give a person a better understanding of the speaker and his feelings. The idea of the speaker, â€Å"outwalk[ing] the furthest city light† shows that he is out of bed in the middle of the night walking aimlessly trying to get his problem lifted. It shows how disturbed and troubled the speaker is with this mysterious problem floating around. The line â€Å"I have looked down the saddest lane† shows how the speaker has sort of a woe-is-me attitude where he feels that because it is happening to him it must be the worst. When the speaker says that the cry he heard was not to â€Å"call [him] back or say good-bye† is shows that he feels as if no one cares about him. He feels hopeless and that there is no way out of the mess he is in. These details all help in identifying the speaker’s attitude. There are many metaphors that help one understand the attitude of the speaker. The night itself is a metaphor for the speaker’s loneliness. The rain is his problems. He goes out walking to get away from his problems but they will never leave him. The luminary clock is a metaphor for the moon that shines in the sky. The moon is the only lit thing in the darkness of the light, giving off a little bit of hope to those lost in its dreariness. The attitude of loneliness, and hopelessness were clearly shown when one looked at the diction and imagery, details, and metaphors in this poem. One could learn many lessons form this poem about how when troubles come along, just trying to walk away from them will never help.

Harley Davidson Case Analysis

Case Analysis 2: Harley-davidson MKT 201:001 Long Island University Angel Pagan November 17, 2012 Case Analysis 2: Harley-Davidson This case focuses on the iconic motorcycle brand of Harley-Davidson. Harley-Davidson is an American motorcycle manufacturing company founded in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Since Harley-Davidson was established in 1903, the manufacturer has experienced its ups and down. It especially encounters struggles like any other automobile industry during economic downturns. On the verge of bankruptcy around 1980, Harley-Davidson made a surprising comeback.This comeback was mainly a result of Harley-Davidson’s incorporation of customer services into its products, product differentiation through quality and design as well as focusing production on a consistently high level of quality. Today, the company’s annual worldwide sales total more than $4 billion worldwide and have an annual output of 200,000 motorcycles along 35 different models in seven product line s. With these results it is safe to say that Harley-Davidson dominates the U. S. motorcycle market and is also strong in Europe and Japan.Harley-Davidson does a very good job at differentiating its product. In fact, product differentiation is the main component of Harley-Davidson’s marketing strategy. They want to offer a motorcycle like no other motorcycle on the market at the highest quality. Harley-Davidson not only stresses its level of quality but its consistency of quality as well. Quality refers to the overall characteristic of a product that allows it to perform as expected in satisfying customer needs. Therefore quality can be used to differentiate products because not all products satisfy the needs of the consumer.Harley-Davidson offers many different lines of motorcycles including limited edition models as well as customization options. If the customer customizes the motorcycle then they should be getting exactly what they want at a high quality. Harley-Davidson em phasizes the consistency of quality as much as the level of quality because no matter how high the level of quality is, if it is not consistent then they will lose customers. For example, if you go to a restaurant that serves food the way you like it to be prepared only half of the time, it is likely that you will no longer go there.Then word spreads to others and they are less likely to go to that restaurant too. The same goes for Harley-Davidson. They want to ensure that every motorcycle has a high quality to keep the customers satisfied and bring forth even more customers. They also offer financing and insurance which helps differentiate them from competitors even more. Harley-Davidson believes that customer service is an important part of the product. They help differentiate their product by offering customers training, warrantees, guarantees, repairs and accessories.They want the customers to be comfortable with the employees and have a positive buying experience. Some dealers even take it a step further by offering a Rider’s Edge course. Since this course was offered at some dealerships, more than 150,000 people have graduated and earned a motorcycles license. This customer service section aims at the population of people who would like to buy a Harley-Davidson but do not know how to ride. They join these step-by-step courses with the employees and are on track to one day having their own Harley.They also offer a line of bikes for women and teach women how to ride bikes, pick them up, and assist them with any information they need in the buying process. They even have founded the Harley Owens Group in order to instill a sense of community amongst riders. There are over 1 million members. They have access to certain benefits, group rides, members only website, exclusive magazines, and a special customer service hotline. They even offer free tours at four of its factories, not to mention the museum.The Harley-Davidson museum is located in its headqu arters in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The museum features exhibits from the company’s past products such as sample boats, bikes, snowmobiles and golf carts, to today’s models. They also highlight the company’s latest technologies, and inner workings of its new product development process. This museum may play a role in influencing how customers perceive the company and its products because they are able to see where the company has been, where they are, and where they want to be.It also gives the potential customers a chance to experience what it would be like to be a Harley-Davidson owner. They even offer a virtual ride bike so that people can almost get a first hand glance at what it is like to own a bike. Harley-Davidson has a very wide marketing mix. They have bikes that attract people of different sizes, styles, age, and gender. They offer a very good bike at a price of $6,999 for beginners. They offer a line exclusively for women with smaller bikes and a wide va riety of customizing products. They aim at creating a sense of individuality and freedom for the riders.As a rider gets more experienced they can trade their bike in for a more advanced one if they feel it is necessary. They also offer different styles of bikes for those who are experienced. They range from cruisers to choppers to sports bikes. In total there are seven product lines with 35 different models. Therefore the product depth is 7 and its length is 35. Below is a list going into greater detail about the marketing mix. If I had to invent a brand name for a line of luxury motorcycles I would call it the American Eagle.This brand name would especially appeal to the American market but would also be appealing worldwide. It implies a high American quality, which is luxurious and valuable and is consistent with the American lifestyle. Product †¢ The major product is heavy weight motorcycle of 750 cc for working out on heavy roads. †¢ A number of brands have been introd uced in its century of age, and each one was very integrated, well equipped and up to date with respect to technological advancements (Johnstone, 1995). The hallmark productions of the company assisted it to acquire eagle mark for itself. †¢ An excellent customer service is provided in case of any ambiguity, and customers are thoroughly guided for the upcoming brands. †¢ Deals in branded motor bikes and other limited sector of open market. †¢ Also deal in used bikes, there usable parts being repaired and introduced in the market at lower price range †¢ Spare part market has also got their name at the top of the list. †¢ Twin Cam engine is its major innovatory product. †¢ They also offer services for repairing. Revolution engine is also introduced on their innovation lists. Price †¢ Their prices are mostly maintained around a certain figure. †¢ The major revenue sector is heavy bikes along with spare parts. †¢ The company has been in crisi s for few years as its market share dropped by 43 (%) percent. †¢ The company is planning to eliminate its employees in the coming year for maintaining the company’s financial position (Wilson, 1993). †¢ During the time of crisis the vehicle prices were suddenly increased but now it’s being hoped that they will be regulated. Place The company has acquired 358,000 square foot plant in Kansas City for the production of Dyna Glide, Sportster, and V-Rod models. †¢ For assisting Latin American expansion n Assemly plant is located in Brazil. By establishing manufacturing units, a vast production was achieved (Margie, 2009). †¢ Harley Davidson is also moving forward to export bikes in India as well to increase its production and export sector as well. †¢ Harley Davidson also caters the motor bikes export in most parts of the world but it is not that much economical because of high custom duty for heavy machinery.Promotion †¢ Different marketing p olicies are being applied for the promotion of the company. †¢ Lucky draws are timely introduced, while promoting its political frame. †¢ Certain free services are announced for showing goodwill gestures on the new motor bikes sale. †¢ Some times fares are also arranged for bulk sales, especially when there is low sale time. †¢ Very attractive commercials are placed on different channels. †¢ Most of the magazines in U. S promote the company by its good coverage. References Pride, W. M.. , & Ferrell, O.C. , (2012). Foundations of Marketing. Pg. 77. Australia Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning (2012, ). H-D1â„ ¢ Customization | Custom Motorcycles | Harley-Davidson USA. Retrieved. November 17, 2012, from http://www. harley-davidson. com/en_US/Content/Pages/H-D1_Customization/h-d1_cu stomization. html? locale=en_US&bmLocale=en_US (2011, March 8). Harley Davidson Marketing Mix | Marketing Mixx. Retrieved November 17, 2012, from http://marketingmixx. co m/marketing-basics/marketing-mix/159-harley-davidson-marketing-mix. html

Technology management in military intelligence

The inalterable truth is that many facets of the intelligence community, peculiarly those responsible for procurance of high engineering hardware, remain wedded to the thought of engineering as artifact. The fulcrum of this paper is that engineering direction can be applied to engineering as cognition, and as a procedure of question and action, which has deductions for the development rhythm. Pascale ( 1999 ) argues that to better the success rate of strategic enterprises and attain the degree of reclamation necessary for successful executing, theories associated with complex adaptative systems ( ‘complexity ‘ for short ) need to be considered within a new and developing engineering direction paradigm. This paper will therefore explore engineering as cognition and as a procedure of question and action alongside the thoughts associated with complexness, such that the success or failure of intelligence related engineering direction is more to the full understood.1.1 Backgro undTechnology gate keepers operate within a traditional engineering paradigm. Garud and Rappa ( 1991 ) point out that â€Å" rating modus operandis † have a inclination to reenforce an established paradigm and prevent the outgrowth of others. In sing intelligence related engineering direction hence, it will be argued that the emerged menace posed by a complex system of chiefly low tech visionaries, absolutely at easiness with mass targeting, remains a hard construct to counter when utilizing traditional attacks. Following the rules established by Eric Beinhocker ( 1997 ) , it will be argued that intelligence related engineering direction continues to run within a paradigm informed by strategic theories developed in the decennary following World War II. The theories are underpinned by the mathematics of mid-nineteenth century natural philosophies, with associated premises of deterministic cause and consequence which continue to exercise a immense influence ( Pascale, 1999 ) . It will be argued that the attack fails to account for the promotion in apprehension of how the life universe really works when considered from the point of view of complex adaptative systems ; engineering as cognition. This has peculiar resonance for the administration of asymmetric terrorist societal groups which constitute the current and immediate menace which defense mechanism engineering direction seeks to counter. By non accounting for ‘complexity ‘ and how it might be used to understand the kineticss at work within the mark groupings ( engineering as a procedure of question and action ) , this paper will seek to show that engineering procurance will go on to be unnaturally ‘skewed ‘ towards a conventional menace which remains consistent with post-war cause and consequence strategic theory.1.2 Justification for the researchWhilst engineering direction continues to be influenced by station World War II strategic theories concentrating on engineering as artifact, what Garud and Rappa ( 1991 ) identified as thoughts that are institutionalization at the macro degree of shared knowledge will go on to rule. Technological gate-keepers within the MoD will retain out-of-date methods of understanding what engineering direction is, and how it can be applied to counter the current menace. Although there is grounds of complexness theory being applied to such diverse elements as the oil industry ( Pascale, 1999 ) and the doctrine of instruction ( Peters, 2008 ) , there is a spread in cognition of how it might be applied to act upon engineering direction within intelligence related procurance. This paper will research the thought that dynamic equilibrium ( prevailing during the cold war epoch ) no-longer remains a valid theory for intelligence related technological development when sing the menace posed by asymmetric societal-terrorist groups. Equally recent as 2009, Geraint Evans examined intelligence failures in the visible radiation of recent terrorist atrociousnesss. However, his primary probe centred on the application and integrating of intelligence architecture, still concentrating on engineering as artifact, whilst unwittingly reenforcing premises based on 19th century Newtonian natural philosophies and the associated cause and consequence dictat. This is merely one illustration amongst many whereby recent work has sought to turn to incidents of intelligence dislocation, whilst neglecting to place and work what Pascale calls the following large idea- complexness theory. This paper will seek to turn to a cognition spread to categorize asymmetric societal-terrorist groups as complex adaptative systems and the ability to counter the menace through recognizing engineering as cognition and a procedure of question and action. Research will be applied to measure how the apprehension of complex adaptative systems can be used to inform future intelligence related technological direction and development programmes.1.3 Aim and aimsResearch purpose: to bring forth recommendations for military intelligence related engineering direction when sing mark groups as complex adaptative systems Aims: critically reexamine the literature to place how complexness theory has been applied to alternative spheres comparison bing definitions of complex adaptative systems with the analysed behavior of asymmetric societal-terrorist groups interview intelligence professionals to find how engineering direction might be impacted when sing mark groups as complex adaptative systems formulate recommendations for intelligence professionals when engineering direction is required to aim complex adaptative systemsChapter 2 Research definition2.1 Initial reappraisal of the literatureThe Open University class T840 ‘Technology Management ‘ , underpins the initial research into engineering direction with respect to engineering as cognition and as a procedure of question and action. Whilst seeking to understand how asymmetric societal-terrorist groups might be understood in the visible radiation of complexness theory, Jane Henry in the Open University Course B822 ‘Creativity, Innovation & A ; Change ‘ provides a utile get downing point in understanding the background to complexness theory. The current business with intelligence failure, in the visible radiation of recent terrorist atrociousnesss, has led to many defense mechanism orientated journal articles covering specifically with military intelligence, and these will be utilized to spread out the research. Evans ( 2009 ) critiques the intelligence rhythm in seeking to understand where failures are happening in the procedure. He discusses the relationship between procedure ( engineering as question and action ) and information ( engineering as cognition ) ; something that is seen as cardinal by Hughes et Al in the the Open University Course T837 ‘Information Focused Systems ‘ . Both Evans and Hughes are fixated by information flow within the context of proficient bearers, viz. Evans discusses runing constructs such as Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance ( ISTAR ) , whilst Hughes et Al explores, at a more elaborate degree, electromagnetic radiation. Nevertheless, the philosophical attack for both has much in common. Whereas Hughes succeeds in discoursing why information systems exist, to pattern the existent universe ; Evans fails to travel beyond an internal review of bing attacks to engineering direction, and finally reverts to covering with en gineering as artefact. This tendency continues in other articles concerned with intelligence failure. In an article less concerned with engineering than with effects, Honig ( 2008 ) discusses why surprise onslaughts continue to go on, but once more does non place something that Hughes in T837 instantly recognizes – engineering related information systems have value merely when they model information content drawn from the environment ( engineering as cognition ) . Of class, it would be artful to propose that Evans and Honig are non cognizant of the operational environment to a greater or lesser extent. Their attack nevertheless does look to be untypical, in that they fail to dispute implicit in premises ; this finally affects how they approach the job of intelligence failure. Pascale ( 1999 ) argues that strategic theories that underpin the principle behind most determination devising procedures today have their roots in the decennary following World War II ; which saw a universe runing within a dynamic equilibrium, codified by the cold war stand-off. Hulnick ( 2006 ) supports this position when discoursing one of the chief vehicles for intelligence appraisal in usage today. The intelligence ‘estimate ‘ ( engineering as cognition ) , Hulnick argues, is a animal of the Cold War, but has its roots in the 1939-45 struggle. The appraisal of beginnings which critique strategic theories will be of import as ultimately theories guide investing. The Open University Course T840 ‘Technology Management ‘ discusses the difference between conventional merchandise and procedure development and the rearward merchandise rhythm. Cited in T840, the Abernathy-Utterbck theoretical account ( 1978 ) identifies that where radical engineering is utilized, development is unstable and prototype invention is high. This paper will analyze grounds which suggests that determination shapers may seek to turn to failures in intelligence by high-end engineering investing, accompanied by high hazard, high cost, and long lead times. Beginnings which challenge the prevalent, underlying strategic premises, from the point of view of understanding mark groupings in the visible radiation of complexness theory, will be assessed by this paper. The rearward merchandise rhythm as described by Barras ( 1986, cited in T840 ) might be seen as a more prudent attack to engineering direction ( when developing artefact ) if the full deductions for complexness theory are realised, with high-end investing utilised merely when the deductions for intelligence related engineering direction are more to the full understood. Whilst reviewing current attacks to intelligence related engineering direction, the usage of beginnings which seek to understand complexness theory will be drawn on. Pascale ( 1999 ) provides a utile background of how complex adaptative systems operate, peculiarly in the oil industry, whilst Peters ( 2008 ) expands on the issues with a more in-depth overview of the deductions for instruction. Pascale ‘s article is of primary importance, as it demonstrates how even high tech administrations like Shell might be viewed as complex adaptative systems. The deductions of this for military intelligence related engineering direction are broad ranging, but will stay outside the range of this research paper. The purpose will be to concentrate on understanding asymmetric societal-terrorist groups as complex adaptative systems merely ; and the associated deductions for military intelligence related engineering direction when sing engineering as cognition and as a procedure of question and action.Chapter 3 Methodology3.1 Proposed research methods and techniquesThe research will affect interacting with intelligence professionals. All of these persons, to a greater lesser extent, will hold been, or remain, involved in intelligence related engineering direction in existent universe operational scenarios. Because of the sensitiveness involved, the research will be tightly controlled ( see subdivision 3.4 – Ethical motives ) . The cardinal points of the primary research stage are based on Case Study Research Design and Methods, Third Edition ( Yin, 2003 ) .Primary ResearchDetermine and specify the research range Unstructured and semi-structured interviews will be used. 10 experts will be used to supply information through treatment and suggestion. The complexness of intelligence related engineering direction and vagaries of operational experience will be ill served by the usage of set inquiries. The sensitiveness of the capable affair will prevent questionnaires being issued. Each expert will be asked to take an exemplar instance survey to discourse how ‘complex adaptative systems ‘ might impact intelligence related engineering direction. Determine how to garner the information on the research subject: Face-to-face meetings will be arranged at the respondents topographic point of work, or at a impersonal scene. Personal contacts will be utilised to place the experts from across a scope of operational countries. Phone-calls will be used to put up the meetings ab initio. The consequences will so be collated. Evaluate and analyse the informations: Notes from each interview will be analysed utilizing analytical techniques, to include, but non be limited to: Systems function. Cause & A ; Effect schematization. Rich Pictures. Functional dislocation constructions. Flow diagrams. UML modeling ; viz. usage instances. The information will be interpreted in order to reply the purpose and aims of the research. Decisions will be derived with respect to the purpose and aims. Decisions will be derived sing the wider pertinence of the research. Suggestions will be made where farther advancement could be made by go oning the research.Secondary researchReappraisal of the relevant academic literature: An appraisal of the related academic literature is required. Section 2.1 provides an initial literature reappraisal. Section 3.2 identifies extra beginnings identified, but non reviewed in the initial literature reappraisal. The mention list will go on to be developed as the research develops.3.2 Beginnings of literature and other informationThe Open University Postgraduate Certificate/Diploma in Technology Management class ( s ) will supply the implicit in beginnings and theoretical attack to research. This will be supplemented chiefly by the Open University online library, which through the initial literature hunt, has proved to keep an copiousness of relevant stuff, peculiarly with respect to complexness theory and military intelligence. The purpose will be to farther addendum the research by pulling on the research installations available at The University of Bristol. The university has an first-class international repute in research. In the latest independent appraisal of research quality ( RAE 2008 ) , over 61 per cent of the research work assessed in 48 research Fieldss at Bristol was awarded either the top 4* evaluation, defined as ‘world taking ‘ , or the 3* evaluation, classified as ‘internationally first-class ‘ . The library services are made available to Open University pupils via the SCONUL Access strategy. Finally, and for completeness, the list below identifies beginnings found during the initial literature hunt, or used during the certification / diploma degree classs, but which have yet to be drawn on. As they have non been quoted, they are non included in the mention subdivision at the terminal of this proposal. Fowles, M. 2004, T846 Technology Strategy, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes. Gintis, H. Dec 2006, â€Å" Reappraisal of: The Origin of Wealth: Development, Complexity, and the Radical Remaking of Economics † , Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 1018-31. Hayden, M.V. Sep/Oct2010, â€Å" The State of the Craft – Is Intelligence Reform Working † , World Affairs, vol. 173, no. 3, pp. 35-48. Martin, John. , Bell, Ros. 2007, â€Å" Pull offing Problems Creatively † in B822 Creativity, Innovation and Change, erectile dysfunction. The Open University, 2nd edn, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, pp. 29-57-71-95. Studeman, C.M. Feb 2009, â€Å" 7 Myths of Intelligence † , U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, vol. 135, no. 2, pp. 64-69.3.3 Planning and schedulingA Gantt chart has been utilised to exemplify cardinal day of the months for the complete period of research, working at the degree of separate hebdomads. The T802 MSc Research Study Calendar provides a dislocation of the cardinal phases and associated undertakings. These have been transposed onto the Gantt chart below, with cardinal vacation periods ( ruddy saloon ) included for completeness.3.4 Ethical considerationsI have read and understood the ethical considerations, as described in subdivision 7.3 of The Open University Course Guide for the T802 MSc Research Course. All stuff used, will be referenced in the appropriate mode, taking note of the information protection issues that may originate. Where beginning information is non already in the public sphere at the clip of usage for the T802 class, permission will be requested to utilize the stuff in the normal mode. There is a moral duty to sensitively manage the point of views of functioning intelligence professionals in garnering the research information, and non to misapply professional trust built up over many old ages. The information presented will be generic in nature, whilst non mentioning to existent universe operations or capableness, but instead to how engineering direction might be impacted in wide operational footings. Where existent operational experience may be valid to exemplify peculiar points made by the interviewee ; the writer ‘s experience will be drawn on to exemplify the point that is being made.3.5 Risk appraisalDevelopment of the research stage is low hazard. The structured and semi-structured interviews will be conducted in an office based environment, admiting appropriate consciousness of exigency issues and fire muster points. Site visits are specifically excluded.Chapter 4 Supporting information4.1 List of old classsT837 Systems technology T840 Technology direction: an integrative attack M883 Software demands for concern systems B822 Creativity, invention and alteration T846 Technology scheme4.2 Relevance of capable affair to declared gradeThe proposed research has strong synergism with the declared grade. It draws on many facets of the capable affair discussed in the compulsory faculties. T840 discusses merchandise rhythms and their appropriate application ; a capable really relevant to intelligence related engineering direction. Intelligence related equipment procurance and its rightness to extant mark groupings is at the bosom of this research. Technology scheme ( T846 ) expands on these elements when looking at the assorted schools of scheme that have come to the bow at assorted points in recent history. The relevancy of these to the capable affair, non least the Learning School and the thoughts behind outgrowth and complexness, will be cardinal to understanding the impact of complex adaptative systems on intelligence related engineering direction. When sing optional faculties within the declared grade, both T837 ( Systems technology ) and B822 ( Creativity, invention and alteration ) reference, to a greater or lesser extent, the theories behind complexness and outgrowth. The capable affair for this research proposal hence provides a vehicle to pull many of these elements together. The research will supply an chance to research the relevancy of the identified elements in a modern-day and extremely topical sphere, and possibly significantly, get down to make full a cognition spread which on first expression, does non look to hold been addressed.