Nanotech N Nanoscience

Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology Introduction Student Guide Lesson Overview In this lesson, you will learn the differences between â€Å"Nanoscience† and â€Å"Nanotechnology. † Both are extremely exciting, but have distinct differences in what the people in these fields do. Throughout this lesson you'll be asked to research and discuss what is happening in nanoscience and nanotechnology. A lot is going on in both fields and the potential for a lot more is HUGE. Before coming to class Complete the on-line Knowledge Probe (KP) called KP: Nanoscience vs Nanotechnology.Objectives At the end of this lesson you will be able to do the following: ? List several examples of nanoscience exploration and research activities ? List several examples of nanotechnology innovations and products ? Correctly apply the terms Nanoscience and Nanotechnology to different situations ? Tell another person what the differences are between Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Resources National Nanotech nology Initiative (NNI) web site: www. nano. gov NNI site â€Å"What is Nanotechnology†: http://www. nano. gov/nanotech-101/what Nano Science and Technology Institute : http://www. nsti. org/UNM NanoTechnology NScience_vs_Ntechnology_PG_0301912 Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology IG Page 1 of 10 Lesson Outline Pre-class assignment Knowledge Probe Before coming to class, you complete an on-line assessment of your current understanding of nanoscience vs. nanotechnology (KP – Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology). In-class Activity: NanoScience vs. NanoTechnology In this activity you will develop your own definitions of nanoscience and nanotechnology based on current knowledge. You will be required to share your results with the instructor and other students as part of the class discussion.Discussion on the results of Activity You will share your definitions of nanoscience and nanotechnology with other students and the instructors. The discussion should cover the differences and sim ilarities of each. The instructor will present several examples of which you will determine â€Å"nanoscience†, â€Å"nanotechnology† or â€Å"both†. The class will reach a consensus on the correct definition of each. Post-Assessment Complete a short assessment that measures your understanding of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Assessment Strategy You will be assessed on the following: ?Completion of the online Knowledge Probe: Nanoscience vs. nanotechnology ? Participation in the classroom discussion ? Grade on the in-class Post-Quiz: Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology Terminology Nanoscience Nanotechnology Nano http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nano Nanometer http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/nanometer Science http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/science Technology http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/technology UNM NanoTechnology NScience_vs_Ntechnology_PG_0301912 Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology IG Page 2 of 10 Introduction What is Nanoscience?To give you a hint, the illustration below represents a biomolecule that nanoscientists have discovered. What is it? First of all, what's the red spiral? What's the figure walking on top of the red spiral? Give up? Very simply put, the red spiral is a microfilament, a minute fiber found in muscle cells. The green figure walking on top of the microfilament is a protein molecule called myosin. Nanoscientists have discovered that the mysoin protein acts like a linear motor. To contract a muscle, the myosin molecule (or motor) walks in nano-size steps along the microfilament.As the myosin molecule walks, it pulls on the microfilament causing the muscle cells to contract. [Illustration by and courtesy of PrecisionGraphics. com] So what is Nanoscience? This is really a two part question: 1) What is nano? 2) What is science? By the end of this lesson, you will be able to answer these questions. You will also be able to answer the question – What is the difference between Nanoscience and Nan otechnology? There is a huge difference! So let's find out. UNM NanoTechnology NScience_vs_Ntechnology_PG_0301912 Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology IG Page 3 of 10 Lesson Content What is Nano?Let's start with answering the question, â€Å"What is nano? † Here are some nano-size objects: DNA Molecule: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) about 2 nanometers in diameter Dozens of Silicon atoms Each silicon atom is approximately 0. 234 nanometers in diameter; therefore this picture is about 4 nm wide. This picture was taken using an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). [AFM image by and courtesy of Franz Giessibl] NanoDot This image shows a nano-size Gold particle (50 nm) sitting on the end of a microcantilever. [Courtesy of the Craighead Group, Cornell] UNM NanoTechnology NScience_vs_Ntechnology_PG_0301912Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology IG Page 4 of 10 The Definition of Nano Nano is a metric prefix which is applied to measurements of length such as millimeter, micrometer, and nanometers. It can al so be applied to measurements that indicate the â€Å"amount† of something: milliampere or nanoamperes (an amounts of electrical current), microliters or nanoliters (the amount of a volume), and kilograms or nanograms (the mass of something). The prefix nano is used as another indication of size or amount. You may already know, or soon will find out, that a nanometer is defined as one-billionth of a meter (1 x 10-9 meter).A meter is a little longer than a yard (1 meter = 1. 09 yards). Graphic unit is â€Å"nanometer† Graphic source: National Cancer Institute What is Science? Now let's look at the second question: What is science? There are many definitions of science. Here are a couple: 1) â€Å"The systematic observation of natural events and conditions in order to discover facts about them and to formulate laws and principals based on these facts. †[Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology] 2) â€Å"The organized body of knowledge that is derived f rom such observations and that can be verified or tested by further investigation. [Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology] Sound pretty complicated? Well it isn’t really. It just takes some time to think about it. UNM NanoTechnology NScience_vs_Ntechnology_PG_0301912 Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology IG Page 5 of 10 One way to look at the definition of science is that science is trying to figure out nature’s rule book. ? What are the rules which govern material properties? ? How do things move? ? Why do natural events occur as they do? An example of nanoscience was the discover of how the gecko can walk on ceilings and stick to glass walls of an aquarium.Hint: It has something to do with nano-size objects in the feet. You'll study this later in this course. Through science we know the answer to questions such as these: ? Why are plants green? ? Why do some things float and others sink? ? How do our lungs pull the oxygen out of the air? Scientists are the peo ple who do the investigations or experiments and try to determine what the rules of nature are. The experiments are done in a very precise and systematic way so that others can re-do the experiments and (hopefully) get the same results. Getting the same results is what is meant by being â€Å"verifiable† and â€Å"repeatable. So now you should have a better idea as to what science means: Figuring out the rules which determine how things work in nature. UNM NanoTechnology NScience_vs_Ntechnology_PG_0301912 Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology IG Page 6 of 10 What is Technology? What does the term â€Å"Technology† really mean? We live in a society which is packed with all sorts of â€Å"technology†: iPODs, iPads, cell phones, laptops, GPS (Global Positioning Systems), gaming systems (Wii, Nintendo, X-box, Playstation), DLP (Digital Light Processors) displays, LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), WiFi †¦ I’m sure you can come up with dozens more technology driven devices and systems.How is Technology defined? The National Institute of Health (NIH) defines technology as â€Å"A body of knowledge used to create tools, develop skills, and extract or collect materials; the application of science (the combination of the scientific method and material) to meet an objective or solve a problem. † Merriam-Webster on-line dictionary defines technology as 1 a: the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area b: a capability given by the practical application of knowledge 2: a manner of accomplishing a task especially using technical processes, methods, or knowledge.UNM NanoTechnology NScience_vs_Ntechnology_PG_0301912 Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology IG Page 7 of 10 So What is NanoTechnology? Here are a couple of examples of Nanotechnology. Liposome A liposome is a tiny nanoparticle or vacated sphere made out of the same material as a cell membrane. It is hoped that one day we can fill a lipsome with drugs and inject it into the blood stream. Using the properties associated with the liposome's membrane, it will connect to a cancerous tumor, emit the drugs and kill the cancerous cells.Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Carbon nanotubes use the properties of carbon to form tubes with a length to diameter ratio greater than 1,000,000! Potential applications of CNTs include electrical connections for micro and nano-sized electronics, fibers 20 times stronger than bulletresistent kevlar fibers, and surfaces slicker than Teflon. [Images by Junifer Nez, SCME] So, what do you think? What is NanoTechnology? Activity: NanoScience vs. NanoTechnology Link to and complete the activity – Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology UNM NanoTechnology NScience_vs_Ntechnology_PG_0301912 Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology IG Page 8 of 10An Example of Nanoscience Enabling Nanotechnology Now that you have developed definitions for nanoscience and nanotechnology, what do you think is the difference between the two? In this picture you see a dep iction of a molecule. This particular molecule makes up the famous non-stick Teflon coating used on cookware, telecommunication cables, and clothes. Identifying the molecule's design and determining its physical and chemical properties are examples of nanoscience. Learning how to control and mass produce the molecule to make the desired Teflon coatings is an example of nanotechnology. [Images by SCME]More on Teflon Coatings The molecules that are used for Teflon coatings repel water molecules when assembled in a film. These Teflon coatings are said to be hydrophobic. â€Å"Hydro† means water and â€Å"phobic† means â€Å"scared of† or â€Å"repulsed by. † Nanotechnology has lead to the development of a process that takes billions and billions of these molecules to make a continuous coating. The result is a hydrophobic surface called a Teflon coating. UNM NanoTechnology NScience_vs_Ntechnology_PG_0301912 Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology IG Page 9 of 10 Summa ry In this lesson you have learned ? what is nanoscience, ? hat is nanotechnology, and ? what are the differences and similarities between nanoscience and nanotechnology. Through the applications you've seen, you should have recognized that nanoscience and nanotechnology are not science fiction, but are areas of study that are growing at a tremendous pace throughout the world in a variety of fields. Homework Complete the on-line Assessment – Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology References 1 Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) web site: www. nano. gov Nano Science and Technology Institute : http://www. nsti. org/This work has been funded through the support of a National Science Foundation grant, DUE # UNM NanoTechnology NScience_vs_Ntechnology_PG_0301912 Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology IG Page 10 of 10 Activity – Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology Student Guide Introduction This activity will help you to better identify the difference between nanoscience and nanotechnology. In this activity you will develop your own definitions of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Once your definitions have been developed, you will work with the other students and reach a consensus on what is the best definition for each of these two areas.Activity: Time to Complete: approximately 45 minutes. Procedure: 1. Write down your definition of nanoscience. 2. Write down your definition of nanotechnology. 3. Share your definitions with the other students in the class or through the discussion board. 4. Review others’ definitions of nanoscience and nanotechnology. 5. Discuss your definitions and, as a group, reach a consensus on a definition for each term. (Do not use the definitions used in this lesson. Come up with your own. ) 6. Submit your activity results to your instructor. UNM NanoTechnology Definitions_AC_PG_031912 Definitions Nanoscience vs.Nanotechnology AC_PG Page 1 of 1 Post-Activ ity Questions / Answers 1. List at least two examples, experiments or discoveries that would fall under your definition of nanoscience. 2. List at least two examples, experiments, or developments that would fall under your definition of nanotechnology. 3. Is there a clear dividing line between nanoscience and nanotechnology? Support your answer with examples. Summary This activity allowed you to further your understanding of nanoscience vs. nanotechnology and identify examples of each. This work has been funded through the support of a National Science Foundation grant, DUE #UNM NanoTechnology Definitions_AC_PG_031912 Definitions Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology AC_PG Page 2 of 2 UNM NanoTechnology Definitions_AC_PG_031912 Cut To Size Activity IG Page 3 of 3 This quiz must be taken before the first class meeting. Online quiz: Knowledge Probe – Nanoscience vs. nanotechnology 1. Nanoscience a. Develops means by which to manipulate particles at the molecular level b. Develops the systems for studying particles at the molecular level c. Studies the properties of particles at the molecular level d. Studies the formation of particles at the molecular level 2. Nanotechnology a.Develops means by which to manipulate particles at the molecular level b. Develops the systems for studying particles at the molecular level c. Studies the properties of particles at the molecular level d. Studies the formation of particles at the molecular level 3. For each of the following, identify it as either nanoscience or nanotechnology a. The exploitation of the properties of self-assembly i. Nanoscience ii. Nanotechnology b. The study of the rules that govern material properties at the nanoscale i. Nanoscience ii. Nanotechnology c. The development of liposome vesicles into drug delivery systems i.Nanoscience ii. Nanotechnology d. The design of a process that yields hydrophobic films i. Nanoscience ii. Nanotechnology e. The identification of the molecular design of hydrophobic mate rials i. Nanoscience ii. Nanotechnology 4. Nanotechnology ____________________ the findings of nanoscience. a. Validates b. Exploits c. Manipulates d. Clarifies 5. Which of the following is a job requirement for a technologist working for a nanotechnology company? a. Operate commercial-scale production equipment to produce, test, or modify materials, devices for the purpose of understanding their chemical and physical properties. b.Research and manipulate structures at the atomic and subatomic level for the purpose of understanding their hydrophobic characteristics. c. Experiment with and modify processes for the development of new energy producing products using nano-size particles. UNM NanoTechnology Quiz1-science_tech_PG_030112 Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology IG Page 1 of 1 Post-Discussion Quiz – Nanoscience vs. nanotechnology 1. Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter at the nanoscale for the purpose of a. Discovering new physical properties b. Analyzing how molecules react to each other c. Proving or disproving established theories d.Creating new products or applications 2. For each of the following, identify it as either nanoscience or nanotechnology a. The study of the rules that govern material properties at the nanoscale i. Nanoscience ii. Nanotechnology b. The development of liposome vesicles into drug delivery systems i. Nanoscience ii. Nanotechnology c. The exploitation of the properties of self-assembly i. Nanoscience ii. Nanotechnology d. The identification of the molecular design of hydrophobic materials i. Nanoscience ii. Nanotechnology e. The design of a process that yields hydrophobic films i. Nanoscience ii.Nanotechnology 3. Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Nanotechnology enables the advancement of nanoscience. b. Nanoscience enables the advancement of nanotechnology. c. Nanoscience exploits the properties of nanoparticles for human gain. d. Nanotechnology is the study and discovery of the properties of matter in the nanoscale. 4. Which of the following is a job requirement for a technologist working for a nanotechnology company? a. Operate commercial-scale production equipment to produce, test, or modify materials, devices for the purpose of understanding their chemical and physical properties. b.Research and manipulate structures at the atomic and subatomic level for the purpose of understanding their hydrophobic characteristics. c. Experiment with and modify processes for the development of new energy producing products using nano-size particles. 5. Which of the following questions would be answered by a technologist versus a scientist? a. What is needed to create a hydrophobic surface? b. How do our lungs extract oxygen from air? c. Why don’t plants stay green year round? d. What is the melting temperature of nano-particles of gold? UNM NanoTechnology Quiz2-science_tech_PG_030112 Nanoscience vs. Nanotechnology IG Page 1 of 1

Contract Act 1872

Legal Aspects Of Business – Indian Contracts Act 1872 Indian Contract Act 1872 is the main source of law regulating contracts in Indian law. CitationAct No. 9 of 1872 Enacted byParliament of India Date enacted25 April 1872 Date commenced1 September 1872 The law relating to contracts in India is contained in Indian Contract Act, 1872. The Act was passed by British India and is based on the principles of English Common Law. It is applicable to the All States of India except the State of Jammu & Kashmir. It determines the circumstances in which promise made by the parties to a contract shall be legally binding on them.All of us enter into a number of contracts everyday knowingly or unknowingly. Each contract creates some right and duties upon the contracting parties. Indian contract deals with the enforcement of these rights and duties upon the parties in India. History The Indian Contract Act came into force on 1 September 1872. It Was Enacted Mainly With a View To ensure Reason able Fulfillment of Expectation Created By the promises of the parties and also enforcement of obligations prescribed by an agreement between the parties.The Third Law commission of British India formed in 1861 under the stewardship of chairman Sir John Romilly, with initial members as Sir Edward Ryan, R. Lowe, J. M. Macleod, Sir W. Erle (succeeded by Sir. W. M. James) and Justice Wills (succeeded by J. Henderson), had presented the report on contract law for India as Draft Contract Law (1866). The Draft Law was enacted as The Act 9 of 1872 on 25 April 1872 and the Indian Contract Act, 1872 came into force with effect from 1 September 1872. Before the enactment of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, there was no codified law for contract in India.In the Presidency Towns of Madras, Bombay and Calcutta law relating to contract was dealt with the Charter granted in 1726 by King George I to the East India Company. Thereafter in 1781, in the Presidency Towns, Act of Settlement passed by the B ritish Government came into force. Act of Settlement required the Supreme Court of India that questions of inheritance and succession and all matters of contract and dealing between party and party should be determined in case of Hindu as per Hindu law and in case of Muslim as per Muslim law and when parties to a suit belonged to different persuasions, then the law of the defendant was to apply.In outside Presidency Towns matters with regard to contract was mainly dealt with English Contract Laws; the principle of justice, equity and good conscience was followed. Development The Act as enacted originally had 266 Sections, it had wide scope and included. General Principles of Law of Contract::::::::: 1 to 75 Contract relating to Sale of Goods::::::::::::76 to 129 Special kinds of Contracts (includes indemnity, guarantee, bailment & pledge:::::::::::::::::125 to 238 Contracts relating to Partnership::::::::::::239 to 266 Indian Contract Act embodied the simple and elementary rules rel ating to Sale of goods and partnership. The developments of modern business world found the provisions contained in the Indian Contract Act inadequate to deal with the new regulations or give effect to the new principles. Subsequently the provisions relating to the sale of goods and partnership contained in the Indian Contract Act were repealed respectively in the year 1930 and 1932 and new enactments namely Sale of Goods and Movables Act 1930 and Indian Partnership act 1932 were re-enacted. At present the Indian Contract Act includes:General Principles of Law of Contract:::::: 1 to 75 Special kinds of Contracts (includes indemnity, guarantee, bailment & pledge::::::::::::::::::::::::::125 to 238 Definition Section 2(h) of the Act defines the term contract as â€Å"any agreement enforceable by law†. There are two essentials of this act, agreement and enforceability. Section 2(e) defines agreement as â€Å"every promise and every set of promises, forming the consideration for each other. † Again Section 2(b) defines promise in these words: â€Å"when the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent there to, the proposal is aid to be accepted. Proposal when accepted, becomes a promise. † And other words Say Agreement is Sum of all contract are agreement, but all agreement are not contract.. ?CONTRACT=AGREEMENT+ENFORCEABLE BY LAW( LAW) Essential Elements of a Valid Contract According to Section 10, â€Å"All agreements are contracts, if they are made by the free consent of the parties, competent to contract, for a lawful consideration with a lawful object, and not hereby expressly to be void. † Essential Elements of a Valid Contract are: 1.Proper offer and proper acceptance. there must be an agreement based on a lawful offer made by person to another and lawful acceptance of that offer made by the latter. section 3 to 9 of the contract act, 1872 lay down the rules for making valid acceptance 2. Lawful consideration: An agr eement to form a valid contract should be supported by consideration. Consideration means â€Å"something in return† (quid pro quo). It can be cash, kind, an act or abstinence. It can be past, present or future. However, consideration should be real and lawful. 3.Competent to contract or capacity: In order to make a valid contract the parties to it must be competent to be contracted. According to section 11 of the Contract Act, a person is considered to be competent to contract if he satisfies the following criterion: The person has reached the age of maturity. The person is of sound mind. The person is not disqualified from contracting by any law. 4. Free Consent: To constitute a valid contract there must be free and genuine consent of the parties to the contract. It should not be obtained by misrepresentation, fraud, coercion, undue influence or mistake. . Lawful Object and Agreement: The object of the agreement must not be illegal or unlawful. 6. Agreement not declared voi d or illegal: Agreements which have been expressly declared void or illegal by law are not enforceable at law; hence they do not constitute a valid contract. 7. Intention To Create Legal Relationships:- when the two parties enter in to an agreement,there must be intention to create a legal relationship between them †¦ if there is no such intention on the part of the parties .. there is no contract between them .. greements of a social or domestic nature do not contemplate legal relationship;as such they are not contracts. 8. Certainty, Possibility Of Performance 9. Legal Formalities 10. By surety Types of contracts On the basis of validity: 1. Valid contract: An agreement which has all the essential elements of a contract is called a valid contract. A valid contract can be enforced by law. 2. Void contract[Section 2(g)]: A void contract is a contract which ceases to be enforceable by law. A contract when originally entered into may be valid and binding on the parties. It may su bsequently become void. There are many judgments which have stated that where any crime has been converted into a â€Å"Source of Profit† or if any act to be done under any contract is opposed to â€Å"Public Policy† under any contract—than that contract itself cannot be enforced under the law- 3. Voidable contract[Section 2(i)]: An agreement which is enforceable by law at the option of one or more of the parties thereto, but not at the option of other or others, is a voidable contract. If the essential element of free consent is missing in a contract, the law confers right on the aggrieved party either to reject the contract or to accept it.However, the contract continues to be good and enforceable unless it is repudiated by the aggrieved party. 4. Illegal contract: A contract is illegal if it is forbidden by law; or is of such nature that, if permitted, would defeat the provisions of any law or is fraudulent; or involves or implies injury to a person or proper ty of another, or court regards it as immoral or opposed to public policy. These agreements are punishable by law. These are void-ab-initio. â€Å"All illegal agreements are void agreements but all void agreements are not illegal. † 5.Unenforceable contract: Where a contract is good in substance but because of some technical defect cannot be enforced by law is called unenforceable contract. These contracts are neither void nor voidable. On the basis of formation: 1. Express contract: Where the terms of the contract are expressly agreed upon in words (written or spoken) at the time of formation, the contract is said to be express contract. 2. Implied contract: An implied contract is one which is inferred from the acts or conduct of the parties or from the circumstances of the cases.Where a proposal or acceptance is made otherwise than in words, promise is said to be implied. 3. Quasi contract: A quasi contract is created by law. Thus, quasi contracts are strictly not contracts as there is no intention of parties to enter into a contract. It is legal obligation which is imposed on a party who is required to perform it. A quasi contract is based on the principle that a person shall not be allowed to enrich himself at the expense of another. On the basis of performance: 1. Executed contract: An executed contract is one in which both the parties have performed their respective obligation. . Executory contract: An executory contract is one where one or both the parties to the contract have still to perform their obligations in future. Thus, a contract which is partially performed or wholly unperformed is termed as executory contract. 3. Unilateral contract: A unilateral contract is one in which only one party has to perform his obligation at the time of the formation of the contract, the other party having fulfilled his obligation at the time of the contract or before the contract comes into existence. 4.Bilateral contract: A bilateral contract is one in whic h the obligation on both the parties to the contract is outstanding at the time of the formation of the contract. Bilateral contracts are also known as contracts with executory consideration. Offer Proposal is defined under section 2(a) of the Indian contract Act, 1872 as â€Å"when one person signifies to another his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything with a view to obtain the assent of that other to such act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal/offer†. Thus, for a valid offer,the party making it must express his willingness to do or not to do something.But mere expression of willingness does not constitute an offer. An offer should be made to obtain the assent of the other. The offer should be communicated to the offeree and it should not contain a term the non compliance of which would amount to acceptance. Classification of Offer 1. General Offer: Which is made to public in general. 2. Special Offer: Which is made to a definite person. 3. Cross Of fer: Exchange of identical offer in ignorance of each other. 4. Counter Offer: Modification and Variation of Original offer. 5. Standing, Open or Continuing Offer: Which is open for a specific period of time.The offer must be distinguished from an invitation to offer. Invitation to offer â€Å"An invitation to offer† is only a circulation of an invitation to make an offer, it is an attempt to induce offers and precedes a definite offer. Acceptance of an invitation to an offer does not result in formation of a contract and only an offer emerges in the process of negotiation. A statement made by a person who does not intend to bound by it but, intends to further act, is an invitation to offer. Acceptance According to Section 2(b), â€Å"When the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent thereto, the proposal is said to be accepted. Rules: 1. Acceptance must be absolute and unqualified. 2. Communicated to offeror. 3. Acceptance must be in the mode prescribed. 4. Acceptance must be given within a reasonable time before the offer lapses. 5. Acceptance by the way of conduct. 6. Mere silence is no acceptance. Silence does not per-se amounts to communication- Bank of India Ltd. Vs. Rustom Cowasjee- AIR 1955 Bom. 419 at P. 430; 57 Bom. L. R. 850- Mere silence cannot amount to any assent. It does not even amount to any representation on which any plea of estoppel may be founded, unless there is a duty to make some statement or to do some act 7. ffree and offerer must be consent Lawful consideration According to Section 2(d), Consideration is defined as: â€Å"When at the desire of the promisor, the promisee has done or abstained from doing, or does or abstains from doing, or promises to do or abstain something, such an act or abstinence or promise is called consideration for the promise. â€Å"Consideration† means to do something in return. In short, Consideration means quid pro quo i. e. something in return. An agreement must be supported by a lawful consideration on both sides. The consideration or object of an agreement is lawful, unless and until it is: forbidden by law, or s of such nature that, if permitted, it would defeat the provisions of any law, or is fraudulent, or involves or implies injury to the person or property of another, or the court regards it as immoral, or opposed to public policy. consideration may take in any form-money,goods, services, a promise to marry, a promise to forbear etc. Contract Opposed to Public Policy can be Repudiated by the Court of law even if that contract is beneficial for all of the parties to the contract- What considerations and objects are lawful and what not-Newar Marble Industries Pvt.Ltd. Vs. Rajasthan State Electricity Board, Jaipur, 1993 Cr. L. J. 1191 at 1197, 1198 [Raj. ]- Agreement of which object or consideration was opposed to public policy, unlawful and void- – What better and what more can be an admission of the fact that the consideration or object o f the compounding agreement was abstention by the board from criminally prosecuting the petitioner-company from offence under Section 39 of the act and that the Board has converted the crime into a source of profit or benefit to itself.This consideration or object is clearly opposed to public policy and hence the compounding agreement is unlawful and void under Section 23 of the Act. It is unenforceable as against the Petitioner-Company. Competent to contract Section 11 of The Indian Contract Act specifies that every person is competent to contract provided: 1. He should not be a minor i. e. an individual who has not attained the age of majority i. e. 18 years. 2. He should be of sound mind while making a contract. A person with unsound mind cannot make a contract. 3. He is not a person who has been personally disqualified by law. 4. not pardanashin women.Free Consent According to Section 14, † two or more persons are said to be consented when they agree upon the same thing in the same sense (Consensus-ad-idem). A consent is said to be free when it is not caused by coercion or undue influence or fraud or misrepresentation or mistake. Elements Vitiating free Consent 1. Coercion (Section 15): â€Å"Coercion† is the committing, or threatening to commit, any act forbidden by the Indian Penal Code under(45,1860), or the unlawful detaining, or threatening to detain, any property, to the prejudice of any person whatever, with the intention of causing any person to enter into an agreement. . Undue influence (Section 16): â€Å"Where a person who is in a position to dominate the will of another enters into a contract with him and the transaction appears on the face of it, or on the evidence, to be unconscionable, the burden of proving that such contract was not induced by undue influence shall lie upon the person in the position to dominate the will of the other. † 3.Fraud (Section 17): â€Å"Fraud† means and includes any act or concealment o f material fact or misrepresentation made knowingly by a party to a contract, or with his connivance, or by his agent, with intent to deceive another party thereto of his agent, or to induce him to enter into the contract. 4. Misrepresentation (Section 18): † causing, however innocently, a party to an agreement to make a mistake as to the substance of the thing which is the subject of the agreement†. 5.Mistake of fact (Section 20): â€Å"Where both the parties to an agreement are under a mistake as to a matter of fact essential to the agreement, the agreement is void†. Performance Of Contracts The promise under a contract can be performed, as the circumstances may permit, by the promisor himself, or by his agent or his legal representative. 1. Promisor himself: â€Å"The contracts which involve the exercise of personal skill must be performed by the promisor himself. 2. Agent: â€Å"Where personal skill is not required, the promisor may appoint his agent to perf orm it. . Representatives: â€Å"On the death of the promisor, the legal heirs of the promisor must perform the contract unless a contrary intention appears in the contract. (section 37) 4. Third persons: â€Å"When a promisee accepts performance from a third person, he cannot afterwards enforce it against promisor†. 5. Joint promisors: â€Å"When two or more persons have made a joint promise, all such persons must jointly fulfil the promise, unless a contrary intention appears from it†. AgencyIn law, the relationship that exists when one person or party (the principal) engages another (the agent) to act for him, e. g. to do his work, to sell his goods, to manage his business. The law of agency thus governs the legal relationship in which the agent deals with a third party on behalf of the principal. The competent agent is legally capable of acting for this principal vis-a-vis the third party. Hence, the process of concluding a contract through an agent involves a two fold relationship.On the one hand, the law of agency is concerned with the external business relations of an economic unit and with the powers of the various representatives to affect the legal position of the principal. On the other hand, it rules the internal relationship between principal and agent as well, thereby imposing certain duties on the representative (diligence, accounting, good faith, etc. ). Under section 201 to 210 an agency may come to an end in a variety of ways: (i) By the principal revoking the agency – However, principal cannot revoke an agency coupled with interest to the prejudice of such interest.Such Agency is coupled with interest. An agency is coupled with interest when the agent himself has an interest in the subject-matter of the agency, e. g. , where the goods are consigned by an upcountry constituent to a commission agent for sale, with poor to recoup himself from the sale proceeds, the advances made by him to the principal against the security of the goods; in such a case, the principal cannot revoke the agent’s authority till the goods are actually sold, nor is the agency terminated by death or insanity. Illustrations to section 201) (ii) By the agent renouncing the business of agency; (iii) By the business of agency being completed; (iv) By the principal being adjudicated insolvent (Section 201 of The Indian Contract Act. 1872) The principal also cannot revoke the agent’s authority after it has been partly exercised, so as to bind the principal (Section 204), though he can always do so, before such authority has been so exercised (Sec 203).Further, as per section 205, if the agency is for a fixed period, the principal cannot terminate the agency before the time expired, except for sufficient cause. If he does, he is liable to compensate the agent for the loss caused to him thereby. The same rules apply where the agent, renounces an agency for a fixed period. Notice in this connection that want of skill con tinuous disobedience of lawful orders, and rude or insulting behavior has been held to be sufficient cause for dismissal of an agent.Further, reasonable notice has to be given by one party to the other; otherwise, damage resulting from want of such notice, will have to be paid (Section 206). As per section 207, the revocation or renunciation of an agency may be made expressly or impliedly by conduct. The termination does not take effect as regards the agent, till it becomes known to him and as regards third party, till the termination is known to them (Section 208). When an agent’s authority is terminated, it operates as a termination of subagent also. (Section 210)

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case Study - Essay Example One of the filmmaking characteristics that differs American cinema from French cinema is that French filmmaking is somewhat dull and sloppy whereas American filmmaking involves such characteristics, which are able to attract a vast majority of public towards the cinema. â€Å"The actions of characters in American cinema are largely done to reveal a general character trait which distinguishes itself from French cinema† (Smith). Another difference between the cultures of two countries is that French art and entertainment industry is closely linked to the political parties of France whereas in the United States, there is no such influence of politics on the entertainment industry. France is the third largest foreign market for the American movies whereas in the United States, foreign markets are able to capture less than 2 percent of the box office. Therefore, we can say that at present, American film market is really dominating the French market and it has the potential to invad e rest of the European film markets as well in the near future. Works Cited Smith, Jonathan. â€Å"Differences Between American and French Cinema.† Wordpress.com, 09 Jul. 2007 Web. 27 Dec. 2010.

VH Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

VH - Case Study Example One of the major risk factors pointed out is that the management is old and unproven. The CEO is too old, that is about 70 years, and the CTO is his son. However, as far as Telco Exchange agrees to change the CEO and appoint someone who is suggested by Valhalla, this risk is solved to a great extent. The scope of the field Telco Exchange is engaged in is evident from the Aberdeen finding that while the average profit of a Fortune 500 company is 1% of its revenue, the money the company spends on telecommunications is around 0.84% of the total amount. So, as far as Telco manages to provide highly integrated and comprehensive solutions, there will be growth, or, at least, the business will not go down. Though there is a possibility that some financially able competitors like MSS Group, Teldta Control, Profitline, and QuantumShift may try to develop software solutions, they will address only the financial part of the issue, thus failing to address inventory management and service order. So, there is no possibility of any serious threat to Telco Exchange in the near future. Hence, Art Marks can vote to invest in Telco Exchange. B. ... However, as the companies know, these are not complete solutions as they do not address the root cause of the problem. On the other hand, Telco Exchange offers a much more comprehensive and integrated solution that identifies the root causes and the unnecessary services and equipments. It also helps prevent erroneous ordering and make sure that the elements which are not needed are eliminated. In addition, it provides a holistic view of the communication infrastructure of the companies. Furthermore, Telco Exchange helps automating the ordering process, thus making the data available for all parties to work with. This helps to ensure that the corporate policies are properly followed. Thus, it becomes evident that the outsourcing approach will not provide a solution that is as effective as that of Telco Exchange, and hence not a risk. The third risk is that the present management is unproven, with a CEO aged 70. In addition, the CTO is his son. It is necessary for the company to change the existing management, however, without any effect on the existing customers and performance. C. The Valhalla due diligence is perfect in the fact that though it may fail to provide huge profit through investment based on wild assumptions, it takes maximum care on not losing the investment. Thus, investors are offered an investment that is free from risk to the maximum possible extent. The investment decision is taken after duly studying the investment memo, and to take the decision, the whole board should vote unanimously; not based on majority. This ensures that all issues and risks concerning the investment are fully analyzed and not even a

Human Resources Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Resources Strategies - Essay Example The perception in this form of human resource management is that no single department can effectively manage the organization’s human resources. The HR Triad is a form of human resource management through partnership in three levels of an organization. These levels are the line managers, HR professionals, and the employees (Jackson et. al r 23). This form of human resource management is present in many big companies like International Business Machines (IBM). The organization distributes human resource management duties among the three levels. The line managers in the organization are accountable for managing the people in their departments, regardless of whether they have ever held a position in human resource management department or not. These individuals must have HR expertise. Despite having an effective HR department, the department does not bear all responsibilities of the organization in human resource management. This tasks lies with the line managers. ... ng the selection process, arranging interviews, developing or choosing valid and reliable selection tests, keeping records and monitoring outcomes for legal compliance. Others are selecting and evaluating vendors of selection services, and training other individuals involved in the selection. The roles and responsibilities of HR professionals and line managers are important, but the HR Triad encourages even more sharing of roles and responsibilities. Regardless of employees’ jobs, they share some responsibilities of an effective human resource management. For instance, employees can provide a good input for performance appraisal of their supervisors and colleagues (Jackson et. al 36). However, the most significant role of employees is assessing their values and needs, and managing their careers in accordance with their input in performance appraisal. Other roles of employees in the HR Triad include applying for promotions and transfers, attending training in the selection proc ess, and informing line managers of forms of disabilities that may require accommodation in the organization. The IBM Company upholds respect for its employees, implementing policies like the Open Door policy, the Speak Up program, and carrying out regular comprehensive Employees Opinion Surveys. IBM’s commitment in improving the well-being of its human capital has gained the company a respected reputation in HRM throughout the world. The success of the company in the management of its human resource results from creative and continuous research and implementation of innovative programs that improve professional and social experiences of all employees. No single wing of the HR Triad is responsible for the effective management of human resources in IBM, or any other organization for that matter

Woodrow Wilson & World War I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Woodrow Wilson & World War I - Essay Example Yes the US was ready by 1917 dues to the mobilization of the military to be increased by enlisting men from the age of 18 years, getting money from businessmen to finance the war and even getting naval support. The strength however was not as great as it was by the time the war was ending. Yes it was initially when America was preparing to go into war but with the sinking of the US boat, it soon became abandoned as people decided to assist in any way they could to prepare the army go into war simply for revenge against the Germans. People were hostile towards military service and hence did not adopt the idea of being enlisted or having their kin enlisted in the military service. This came when the administration wanted to increase the military as a preparedness method to enter into war and this hostility as the reason US started with fewer soldiers. The Americans did not agree with the call for peace after the war took away over 50, 000 of their military troop. The treaty of Versailles points were emphasizing something that the Americans were not ready to accept

The Arabian Peninsula Country and Sovereignty Essay

The Arabian Peninsula Country and Sovereignty - Essay Example Israel remains the only separate country on the Peninsula. The new APC has over 25% of the world’s known oil reserves in its territory. The new country is flexing its muscle and claiming its sovereign rights over the water and in the exclusive zone that overlap into other nation’s areas in the Persian Gulf, the Arabian Sea into the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The APC has restricted the use of the airspace it is claiming to all western nations and threatens to shoot down any aircraft whether military or commercial that flies into its airspace. Further, fearing western satellites spying on its territory from space, the APC claimed territorial sovereignty above its country into space and threatens to shoot down any satellites that fly over its territory. It is unclear if the APC has the technology to fulfill this threat but there are missile exports from Russia and China that may be able to knock out a satellite in orbit. The APC has announced plan s to increase its standing army to over 50,000 troops and is beginning construction of a deepwater naval fleet to project its influence in the region. 2.0. Statement of the Problem Some of the fundamental issues pertaining to the situation are as follows. First, can the APC claim sovereignty after Yemen, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria sought to consolidate themselves into a single nation to be known as the APC? Second, what will be scope and limits of the claim on sovereignty if this is the case? Third, up to what extent can the APC claim sovereignty over its airspace and into space? Finally or fourth, what are the threats posed by the APC on the United States of America? 3.0. Proposed USA Position: Sovereignty and History/Scope in International Law Jean Bodin first systematically analyzed the doctrine of sovereignty in 1576 in the work, Six Livres de la Republique (Shaw, 21). In the Bodin notion of sovereignty, sovereig nty is only â€Å"subject to the law of God and of nature† as the â€Å"state was regarded as above the law† (Shaw, 21). In the age of enlightenment and as the early theories were influenced by the ideas of Thomas Aquinas who maintained that â€Å"Natural Law formed part of the law of God, and was the participation by rational creatures in Eternal Law,† the notion of state sovereignty may have been subject to reason or what were considered â€Å"reasonable† (Shaw, 22). Later that time, â€Å"elements of both positivism and naturalism† appeared in the work of Vattel (1714-67), a Swiss lawyer, who â€Å"introduced the doctrine of the equality of states into international law, declaring that a small republic was no less sovereign than the most powerful kingdom† (Shaw, 26). At the same time, the idea of natural laws gave way to the concept of natural rights (Shaw, 26). Shaw asserted that international law is based on the concept of the state tha t in turn â€Å"lies upon the foundation of sovereignty, which expresses internally the supremacy of government institutions and externally the supremacy of the state as the legal person† (487). Sovereignty â€Å"is founded upon the fact of territory† (Shaw, 487). Thus, according to Shaw, â€Å"without territory a legal person cannot be a state† (487). Shaw emphasized, â€Å"A state is deemed to exercise exclusive power over its territory† (Shaw, 487). The principle of territorial integrity is the foundation of

The Criminal Justice Process Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Criminal Justice Process - Research Paper Example On a written complaint to the police by the victim, it is incumbent upon the police to investigate the matter. As a result of police investigation, if it is found prima facie that crime has been committed, the police may arrest the suspect on the basis of warrant of arrest issued by the judge. The police after completion of its investigation shall submit its investigation report to the office of District Attorney. The prosecuting attorney will review the investigation report to determine whether to suspect will be connected with the crime or not (Steury & Frank, 1996). If suspect connects with the crime, he / she may be sent to the prison. He / she remains in the prison until the case is decided by the competent court of law. If released on bail, the release agreement will sign by the accused criminal. The release agreement contains the conditions that accused will appear in the circuit court on due dates of hearings, will not leave the place of residence without the court permission and will not intimidate the victim in any manner whatsoever. If the defendant contacts victim, the victim has the right to report the matter to the court release officer for taking necessary action. The release agreement will be effective until the court decides the case (Walklate, 1989). The case starts when charge document against an accused is filed by the district attorney. Charge document may be in the form of complaint, information or indictment. A crime comes under the ambit of felony where one can get imprisonment for a period of more than a year. The crime committed under the felonies is manufacturing, delivering and possessing of drugs, theft, burglary, sexual assault etc. However, misdemeanor crimes (harassment, menacing and trespassing) are those where an accused cannot get sentence of incarceration of more than a year (Walklate, 1989). First appearance of a defendant in a

American History - 12 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

American History - 12 - Essay Example †¢ The Civil Rights Act (1968) banned racial discrimination and desegregation. †¢ The Voting Rights Act (1965) banned discriminatory methods of denying suffrage to African Americans †¢ Medicare was created to offset the costs of health care for the nation's elderly. †¢The Fair Housing Act (1968) provided funds to construct low-income housing †¢ The Elementary and Secondary Education Act provided major funding for American public schools. †¢ The National Endowment for the Arts and Humanities used public money to fund artists and galleries. †¢ Congress tightened environmental controls with stronger Air and Water Quality Acts. †¢ Johnson secured several gains before Conservatives gained control of Congress. 2. _ Roe vs. Wade (1973) ______ †¢ Historic Supreme Court decision on abortion in the USA. †¢ Struck down an 1857 Texas statute that made abortion illegal except where the life of the mother was in danger. †¢ The Court ruled that the right to terminate a pregnancy is part of a woman's constitutional right to privacy under the Fourteenth Amendment. †¢ The State cannot regulate the right to abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy. †¢ All abortions to be performed only by licensed physicians under medically safe conditions. †¢ In the second trimester abortions are subject to State regulations regarding qualifications and licenses of the physicians. †¢ In third trimester, abortions legal only to save the health and life of the mother. †¢ Rejected contention that life is present from conception. †¢ Defined the rights of the fetus as emerging when it can survive independently outside the womb.   †¢ Set the terms of the abortion debate for decades to come. 3. ____Equal Rights Amendment_____ †¢ Holds that â€Å"Equality of rights under the law shall not be abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.† †¢ First proposed in Congress by the National Women's Party in 1923.   †¢ Approved by the House in 1970. †¢ Approved by the Senate in 1972. †¢ Opposed by social conservatives, such as Phyllis Schlafly, envisioning a threat to traditional family structure. †¢ Support spearheaded by the National Organization for Women. †¢ Ratified by thirty-five of the necessary thirty-eight states by 1977. †¢ Granted extension by Congress until June 30, 1982 †¢ Reintroduced in Congress in July 1982. †¢ The ERA is still not a part of the US constitution 4. __The Vietnam War________ †¢ Theater of the Cold War and the longest war in American history. †¢ US supports the anti-communist government of South Vietnam, led by the unpopular Ngo Dinh Diem. †¢ The communist Viet Cong, supported by the North’s Ho Chi Minh, unleashes guerilla war in the South. †¢ Diem is overthrown by a military coup in 1963, and assassinated with tacit US approval. †¢ The Gulf of Tonkin Re solution, passed in 1964, escalates the war and the involvement of US troops. †¢ Despite decades of hostilities, billions of dollars, and nearly 60,000 American casualties, the United States fails to achieve its objectives. †¢ Mounting casualties and media reports turn American public opinion decisively against the war †¢ The Paris Peace Accords of 1972 end the Vietnam War †¢ President Nixon signs a ceasefire in January 1973 that formally ends the hostilities. †¢ In 1975, Ho Chih Minh’s communist forces from the north overrun the south and unify the nation.   5. National Organiza

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay In the novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, the main character, Huck Finn, undergoes a variety of experiences that changes him as a man, relationships with other characters in the novel and we get to understand the author’s perspective through the characters. Huck Finn flourished in many ways through the novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Huck Finn grew up with the stereotype that all blacks are meaningless and do not deserve to live the same life style and have the same rights as any white man. His father brings these views to Huckleberry’s attention. During the novel, Huck travels the Mississippi river with a black male slave named Jim, throughout the journey Huck learns how to be selflessness and have empathy for others. By experiencing different obstacles and situations, Huckleberry gains an insight into others’ lives and how their experiences differ from his. He learns to be more open to new and different outlooks of life. He learns courage, empathy, compassion, and the differences between law and moral right and wrong. Because of these experiences, Huck gains courage and maturity. Huckleberry is a new and improved man by the end of the novel. Throughout The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain illustrates the bond formed between Huck, the young white protagonist, and Jim, Hucks black companion. As time goes on Huck begins to realize and understand how black men have been treated throughout their lives and starts to respect Jim more and more by who he actually is. While Huck and Jim travel down the river it becomes apparent that Jim is more of a father figure to Huck than his biological father. Huck’s father, Pap, teaches the virtues of a life not worth living, while Jim gives Huck the proper fatherly support, compassion, and knowledge for Huck to become a man. While Pap acts as an anchor on Hucks heel, Jim opens up a new world for Huck, and becomes his companion and a resource of knowledge. He finds the ideal combination of respect, love, and protection in Jim. Although Jim is not book smart, he maintains the simple values that Huck needs. Although Huck and Jim come from separate racial backgrounds their time together allows them to surpass their ethnic segregation and become true friends, and family. Huck returns the respect and gratefulness to Jim by keeping his promise and helping him become a free man. At the end of the novel, Huck thinks of Jim as being no different from any white man and doesn’t deserve to be treated differently otherwise. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, readers can identify Mark Twain’s picture of Southern society through the characters. Mark Twain harshly undermines our society in his novel by satirizes religion, civilization, and human nature to expose the flaws and weaknesses behind American society. Twain criticizes religion in society through satirizing Miss Watson and Silas Phelps for being highly religious yet hypocritical figures. Twain states that religious people can be hypocrites in situations such as in his novel, where they purposely ignore certain teachings of their religion. The Bible encourages that people treat others they wish to be treated, and here Miss Watson blatantly ignores that by being a slave owner. Even though many schools and parents would prohibit reading this novel because of its language and maliciousness, Twain states that he writes the truth. Huck is critical of many things and people in this novel. He implies that humans understand and comprehend the world by different means and rely on different sources to provide the truth. People use their senses, reasoning, emotion, past experiences and what others have taught them to understand the world and how to make their own decisions. To understand something for what it is truly is you need to get a different perspective on it, which is what Huck did with Jim to find out the real meaning to slavery and to respect. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a classic story where readers learn about the true meaning of friendship and slavery just by a white man and a black man sailing down a river to find freedom.

Can Transparency Make Organizational Responsibility More Effective?

Can Transparency Make Organizational Responsibility More Effective? Why should SystemX be so concerned about the capabilities of SoftGuides data -processing? SystemX should be concerned because SoftGuides data processing system was inadequate to handle new products plan. What competitive advantages to a training and consultancy services company may be provided by an information system? The competitive advantages to a training and consultancy services company are their competency of producing new product. The data processing can be used at any level of with any system. The security of the information that the system can provide. And how well the reliability of the system could give to their customers. Case 2: If these revisions are correct, how is planning to be organized? How should the information system support the planning organization? The planning must be organized continually adjust to the environment. The information system support the planning organization is by support activities to make sure that business strategies are being efficiently employed. The example of an information system could be used to support the planning organization is Enterprise resource planning which could help integrates internal and external management information across an entire organization. Can the information system aid in achieving shared values? Yes, the information system can aid in achieving shared values because as the revisions had said it is the most vital fluid in an enterprise. How might a comprehensive system be used to stifle initiative? To stifle the initiative in a comprehensive system are the renewal and adjustment of the activities of a firm should not come from the different levels in the management hierarchy. Case 3: What can be the drawback of having a formal system as mentioned in point 5? The drawback when having a formal mechanism for review and reiteration of the systems plan is they will missed all informal information flows come from chance meetings, reading magazines or newspapers. All procedure will have to go on with the assigned procedure, which will be a problem to the new MIS executives who are still on experimenting with the strategic planning. Can transparency make organizational responsibility more effective? Transparency can make organizational responsibility more effective because transparency of information and directives in turn allows members of an organization to more fully understand the reason behind the processes and this knowledge is going to have a tendency to encourage higher degrees of participation. In the long run this is of value because it helps a company have an easier transition falling into compliance. Case 4: Try to guess what the consultant said? What the consultant trying to say is there is a problem with the database integrity and the system reliability. Justify the use of technical jargon. Technical Jargon is words that are used by a person in a particular field when they are talking about some aspect of the field they are in and the specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group. It typically would not be understood by someone not involved with the same profession or group. Case 5: In the light of the system, describe the decisions to be made in the area of strategic planning, managerial control and operational control? What information would you require to make such decisions? Strategic planning strategic planning include the budget for the restaurant, the target market, policy and objectives. It comparing weekly sales and the food cost that enable them to plan tighter cost. This strategic planning will help in forecast in budget, the development of operating plan profit and human resource Managerial control The managerial control will get customer feedback and responsible to customer satisfaction. From that, managerial control makes decision related to customer at the restaurant. Operational control operational control will make decision on transaction processing in the restaurant. That includes takes order, tracking order, control of machine, and pay back compensation. Information needed to make such decisions above is strategic information that already compiled such as budget information, profit and capital information. Information of operational also needed like daily sales and billing in order to make the decision especially at the operational control. The information required to make these decisions can be strategic, tactical or operational information. What would make the system a more complete MIS rather than just doing transaction processing? Rather than just doing transaction processing, the system can be improves to complete Management Information System by providing all information on any level in the company such as executive information system that can support and give information in order to make decision, it can also give an easy access to external and internal information that can meet the strategic goals of the organization. DSS can be including making a complete MIS since it can help to make a better decision for the company. There is also another thing that could help them improving their system to a complete MIS which is speed up their problem solving where the time can be reduced efficiently, promoting training to staff to give them knowledge and discover new approach. Explain the probable effects that making the system more formal would have on the customers and the management. By making the system more formal, the probable effects is going to impact on the organization which can be more efficiently exchange information among its functional areas, business units, suppliers, and customers. As the transactions are taking place every day, the system stores all the data which can be used later on when the restaurant is in need of some financial help from financial institutes or banks. As the inventory is always entered into the system, any frauds can be easily taken care of and if anything goes missing then it can be detected through the system. The customers may realize the system will be more satisfying than before an gained more advantages from the system. Case 6: What security loopholes come to the fore in the situation described? How can these be plugged? The loopholes in the situation mentioned by Utpal are that the security of information is prone to security breach and viruses. It may cause troubles, to prevent it from happening while allowing the information and property to remain accessible and productive to its intended users are to struggle finding a budget and let the budget constraint vanished so he can helped the security system more advancing for brighter promising future of the company. Besides that, he could also plug or creates new security architecture in the environment because security architecture can describe how the security controls (security countermeasures) are positioned, and how they relate to the overall information technology architecture. These controls serve the purpose to maintain the systems quality attributes, among the confidentiality, integrity, availability, accountability and assurance. What is the importance of a security budget in the context of the given situation? Case 7: What are the business benefits of the web portal? Make a critical assessment. What is the importance of content management for enterprise web portals? c. Can a small business develop and maintain such a portal? Case 8: a. In the context of the given case, what managerial issues need to be addressed by Alfred? Why is it important for managers to be tech savvy? b. What is the importance of a systems consultant to an organization? What skills should he/she possess? Case 9: What are the business benefits and limitations of Rick Dalzells strategies? Why are business houses finding it difficult to keep costs down in spite of the fact that technology is getting cheaper? Case 10: a. What systems would you propose that would serve the companys needs? b. Considering that the company already has CBIS installed, will you contemplate complete overhaul of the systems or add functionalities of the existing systems? Justify your line of action. c. Justify the requirement of a Chief Information Officer (CIO) in the context of the given caselet. Case 11: a. How has technology helped companies like Rosenbluth deliver customized services? b. Is it possible for small companies to adopt technology similar to Rosenbluths? Why or why not? Justify. c. What is the significance of Rosenbluths statement? Give your viewpoint. Case 12: Is it justified to say that digital systems are unreliable and carries enormous risks? b. What countermeasures should be put in place to minimize damages due to failure of digital systems? Give your answer for each of the above three situations.

Carl Brashear Essay -- Essays Papers

Carl Brashear If it is difficulty that shows what men are, there should be no doubt about what kind of man Carl Brashear is. The Navy's first African-American Master Diver, Brashear faced difficulties that would have defeated most people. His spirit and determination resulted not only in his overcoming great odds to become a U.S. Navy diver, but also in his surviving the loss of a leg in an accident on the USS Hoist in 1966 - and more amazingly - in his attaining the rank of Master Diver. In the fall, Twentieth Century Fox will release The Diver, the story of Brashear's struggle. Cuba Gooding Jr. stars as Brashear. The film also stars Robert DeNiro as Billy Sunday, a senior officer and Master Diver who is at first another obstacle, but who ultimately helps Brashear overcome his crippling injury, as well as racism, bureaucracy. Brashear joined the Navy in 1948 at the age of 17. The film follows his acceptance into dive school, his training in the Mark V gear, and the accident that could have ended his career. Brashear's struggle to convince the Naval Bureau of Medicine and Surgery to allow him to continue diving is an integral part of the story. Carl Brashear was born in rural Kentucky in 1931. His family moved to Sonora, Ky., when he was only two weeks old. He grew up swimming in creeks and rivers near his home, but there was nothing to indicate that his life would take the twists and turns that eventually resulted in his spending almost 32 years in the U.S. Navy. Becoming not only the Navy's first African-American Master Diver, but also its first amputee diver. Brashear joined the Navy as a steward. He was sent to a Beach master’s unit in Florida, and there he first saw divers in Mark V gear. He was hooked. In 1949 he qualified using the Jack Browne rig, then progressed to the Mark V in 1953. Gaining official diver status was in itself quite an achievement at the time. Brashear attained the rank of Chief Petty Officer E7 and worked successfully, but relatively uneventfully, until March 26, 1966, when the determination that he had originally called upon to help him become a Navy diver would seem almost feeble in comparison to the tenacity that he would need in order to stay a Navy diver. On January 17, 1966, a U.S. Air Force B-52G bomber carrying a hydrogen bomb collided with a KC-135 refueling tanker off the coas... ...nstrated his ability to climb ladders and to dive. On the surface, he had to walk at least 12 steps, wearing the 290-pound helium/oxygen rig. He was also required to dive in scuba gear and engage in physical training with other dive school students. That physical training included calisthenics and running. When Brashear ran, scar tissue would break loose and blood would leak into his artificial leg. To prevent infection, he would remove the prosthesis and soak his leg in warm water laced with hydrogen peroxide or Betadine. He never told his doctors about the problem because, "I hadn't made Master Diver yet." That goal kept him going. In March of 1967, doctors finally Okayed his transfer to Second Class Diving School in Norfolk, VA. In April 1968, he was restored to full active duty and full diving status, the Navy's first amputee diver. Bibliography: MLA Citations Carl Brashear’s Story, http://www.discovery.com/stories/history/reelhistory/menofhonor.html Master Chief Carl Brashear http://web.usna.navy.mil/~finlayso/symposium/newpage10211112.html Master Chief Boatswain’s Mate Carl Maxie Brashear, USN http://history.navy.mil/faqs/faq105-1.htm

Part-time Employment Undermines Students Commitment to School :: Summary Response Working School Essays

Part-time Employment Undermines Students Commitment to School by Laurence Steinberg   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Summary: In the essay, â€Å"Part-time Employment Undermines a Student’s Commitment to School† by Laurence Steinberg, it explains how studies show that teenagers that work while attending school are more likely to loose their commitment to school. Steinberg tells the effects on students when they work more than twenty hours a week. His theory was that students are more susceptible to losing their interest in school, while working. They may have to work in the evening time, which can interfere with homework, sleep and diet. Steinberg also elaborated on how these students that work receive money that can make school seem less desirable. Also because they do receive money, they can use their extra money to become associated with drugs and alcohol.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Steinberg’s review of this subject shows the affects of what can happen if adolescents work while going to school and how this can engage them in drugs and have less engagement in school and other related activities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Response: I agree with Steinberg that working affects adolescents that are going to school. I believe that teenagers should concentrate on their studies and not become overwhelmed with the added stress of work. There is plenty of time for them to learn the â€Å"real world† of working, so why not let them be kids and have them worry about their homework and after school chores, rather than trying to make the almighty dollar.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I like the way Steinberg explains how a simple job can lead to so much more. Parents do not always realize that yes, it is good for a teenager to learn responsibility, but getting a job at that age is not always the right thing to do. Each child is different some may be able to handle it, but most can not. This study shows the effects of how good students can change by working and going to school and how students that already have lost interest in school can loose even more interest and even drop out completely.

Song Analysis: We Didn’t Start the Fire by Billy Joel Essay example --

Every song has a story to tell, and some contain hidden stories or lessons, while others are completely blatant. In Billy Joel’s song, â€Å"We Didn’t Start the Fire,† he does not hesitate to be very obvious with what he tries to prove, which is how all of the events in his song contribute to one large fire. I chose to remediate Joel’s song because it spoke to me with historical context. When researching the song, I read a majority of the history behind it and decided to reflect upon it in a visual picture collage, combining a majority of the elements he mentions with pictures--all circled around a fire in the middle. I decided to also make red-dyed cupcakes reflecting the fire Joel speaks of and ice them with a flame, yet placing an X over it, since he claims â€Å"we didn’t start the fire.† Both of my remediation’s have elaborate histories, first starting with the collage. There is quite an intricate past of collages, beginning in the early 1900’s. The history of collages goes back to the time of Picasso. That is not really that long at all, so collages are relatively new compared to painting which began during the time of cavemen. â€Å"The first deliberate and innovative use of collage in fine art came in two works by Picasso in the spring of 1912† (Kachur 1). Picasso was not considered the one who created the collage, but rather the first to apply it to modern art in that time. It is not only fabulous artists who use collages. A lot of teenagers may create collages without even knowing it, just by assembling pictures of their family and friends, or of magazine clippings. Collages can be extremely dynamic or exceptionally simple, depending on who the artist is and the purpose of the piece of art. Collages are a great way to visually repres... ... a bookmark in history representing the events people had to encounter throughout those 40 years. Works Cited Delahunt, Michael. â€Å"Collage.† Artcyclopedia.com. Web. 5 Nov. 2009. Kachur, Lewis. â€Å"Collage.† Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. 5 Nov. 2009. Musser, George. â€Å"Cupcakes.† Academic Search Premier. Sept. 2009. Web. 4 Nov. 2009. Stern, Fred. â€Å"A short history of collage (The Arts).† World and I. Dec. 2008. General OneFile. Web. 4 Nov. 2009. â€Å"We Didn’t Start the Fire.† Wikipedia.com. 30 Oct. 2009. Web. 4 Nov. 2009. Delahunt, Michael. â€Å"Collage.† Artcyclopedia.com. Web. 5 Nov. 2009. Kachur, Lewis. â€Å"Collage.† Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. 5 Nov. 2009. Stern, Fred. â€Å"A short history of collage (The Arts).† World and I. Dec. 2008. General OneFile. Web. 4 Nov. 2009. â€Å"We Didn’t Start the Fire.† Wikipedia.com. 30 Oct. 2009. Web. 4 Nov. 2009.

Intermolecular Forces Essay

Intermolecular forces exist between independent particles, such as atoms, ions, or molecules. They can be forces of either attraction or repulsion. The amount of charge, how it is distributed, and the length of time that a charge distribution exists can affect the strength of intermolecular forces. And despite having variable force strengths, all intermolecular forces are considered weak compared to chemical bonds, or intramolecular forces. Chemical bonds are not only stronger; they are also more permanent. The energy costs involved in breaking chemical bonds are much higher than ones needed to overcome intermolecular forces. There are five types of intermolecular forces: ion-ion forces, ion-dipole forces, ion-induced dipole/dipole-induced dipole forces, dipole-dipole forces, and London dispersion forces. Generally, we expect ion-ion forces to be the strongest, followed by ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, and then London dispersion forces. Of course, many exceptions to this hierarchy of strength exist. In order to properly differentiate between these forces, it is important to know what must be present in order for each interaction to occur. Ion-ion forces only involve ions in mixtures of substances. Ion-ion forces can be either attractive (cation-anion) or repulsive (cation-cation/anion-anion) and the strength varies depending on charge and size. Ion-dipole forces occur in mixtures between ions and polar molecules. The anions gravitate toward positive regions of dipoles while the cations gravitate toward negative regions. With dipoles, the strength of the forces depends upon the polarity of the molecule (or charge magnitude) and how compact the molecule is. If a molecule is more compact, there is better access to the center of charge and stronger attraction to its neighbors. Induced dipoles occur when nonpolar molecules come in the vicinity of polar or charged particles and become polar themselves. As an ion or dipole moves closer to the nonpolar molecule, a shift occurs in its electrons, throwing off its nonpolar symmetry and making it polar. Depending on what produces this change, it will have either attractive ion-induced dipole or dipole-induced dipole forces. These may occur in pure substances or mixtures. Dipole-dipole forces may occur between the polar molecules of a pure substance, or between two different polar molecules. The positive regions of one dipole will attract the negative regions of another and vice versa. The dipoles tend to align in a way that increases the number of attractions and reduces the number of repulsions. The strength of the force can vary with polarity: the more polar the molecules are, the more strongly they interact with each other. Hydrogen bonding is considered a special case of dipole-dipole interaction. While dipole-dipole forces are generally considered to be fairly weak, hydrogen bonding is unusually strong, especially in water. This particular type of bonding occurs when a hydrogen atom is involved in an extremely polar covalent bond, such as H-N, H-O, or H-F, and is attracted to the lone pair of a highly electronegative atom (either F, N, or O) on a separate molecule. These may also occur in pure substances. The weakest of the intermolecular forces are the London dispersion forces. These forces occur between atoms or molecules of nonpolar substances and are present in both pure substances and mixtures. A way to predict the types of intermolecular forces present is by looking at the chemical formula, specifically whether the interacting species are polar or nonpolar. Ion-dipole forces occur between ions and polar molecules. Dipole-dipole forces (including hydrogen bonding) only occur between polar molecules. Induced dipoles occur between polar and nonpolar molecules. If there were only nonpolar molecules, they would be London dispersion forces (but keep in mind that these forces also exist in every other kind of interaction). In the case of ion-ion forces, polarity does not matter in identifying forces, as it only involves ions and would be fairly obvious. Knowing what we do about intermolecular forces and their relative strengths, we can make a few assumptions about which forces would be present in different phases under standard conditions. Being that solids are the most difficult to break apart, we would assume that the strongest intermolecular forces (ion-ion, hydrogen bonding) would be found within them. Liquids have a greater ability to flow because the intermolecular forces are weaker than in the solid phase, so we would assume that these would involve ion-dipole and induced dipole forces. We would also assume that the weakest intermolecular forces correspond to the gas phase, meaning dipole-dipole and London dispersion forces. Intermolecular forces influence physical properties of each phase: gas, liquid, and solid. They can cause real gases to deviate from ideal gas behavior. They can also govern the motion of molecules; molecules in gases move constantly and randomly, they slide past each other freely in liquids, and vibrate in fixed positions in solids. The heats required to melt a solid (heat of fusion) and to vaporize a liquid (heat of vaporization) change depending on the strengths of the intermolecular forces. In liquids, water will form beads upon contact with waxed surfaces (e. . car hoods) because of the imbalance of how intermolecular forces act upon surface molecules and the symmetrical distribution of forces experienced by interior molecules. So, the stronger the intermolecular forces, the larger the surface tension. Capillary action is another example of the effect of the imbalance of intermolecular forces. If the intermolecular interactions between the particles of a liquid and a solid are stronger than the intermolecular forces acting between the liquid’s own particles, the liquid near the walls of the solid will rise. Other properties of liquids that can be affected by intermolecular forces are boiling point and critical temperature and pressure. In crystalline solids, the stronger the forces are, the more rigid the crystal is. This is because the stronger intermolecular forces in the solid fix the particles in place. Overall, understanding intermolecular forces is essential to understand gas, liquid, and solid phases, as well as the phase changes between them.

The Nursing Shortage

Melisa A. Smith Dr. Kathryn Skulley Eng 122-500 22 November 2011 Crisis in America Back in the late 1930’s, American men were drafted to go off and fight in World War II while women at home had to learn a new way of life to support their families and support the soldiers. A woman named Florence Nightingale who was recognized as one of the first nurses to care for the wounded soldiers during the Crimean war helped to influence other women to learn how to become nurses and care for the sick and wounded.After the war ended in the mid 1940’s, thousands of soldiers returned home to begin the next chapter in their lives by starting a family while women returned to homemaking. In fact, due to the major population shift after the war, thousands and thousands of babies were born in which it would be named the Baby-Boomer generation. Now fast forward to the year 2010, several decades later, the baby-boomer generation is aging and approaching there sixties and beyond at a time whe n healthcare is beginning to be used more frequently by many others.Now that America is beginning a new era of healthcare with the creation of healthcare reform that soon will create access for the uninsured and underinsured to gain access to healthcare treatments. On March 23, 2010, â€Å"The Affordable Care Act† was signed into law by President Obama that would create healthcare access for millions of Americans. This is turn would create a huge strain on the American healthcare system at a time when concerns are rising due to the increased need of services for the baby-boomer generation and the current nursing population to care for them. You can read also Coronary Artery Disease Nursing Care PlanIf Americans already planned on facing a nursing shortage with the baby-boomer generation, then how would the shortage affect everyone else when healthcare reform becomes active in the year two-thousand-fourteen? This paper will discuss some individual points more in detail and evaluate the nursing shortage situation from the beginning of nursing history to present day that could affect all healthcare workers now and in the future. The nursing shortage topic in America has always been a debatable question where it will be analyzed further in detail starting with some statistical data.Looking at the national level for current nursing employment, the U. S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics stated that, â€Å"2,655,020 registered nurses were currently employed as of May two-thousand and ten† (U. S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics: Occupation section). The information presented here did not account for self-employed nurses or one’s that currently work multiple jobs. Now on a smaller scale looking at the State of Colorado’s population and registered â€Å"nurses per 1000 rate is 7. 98 as compared with a national average of 8. 6 with an additional need of 1,780 nurses to meet the national average† (The Demographic Challenges Facing Colorado's Health Care Workforce 15). The information noted here did not account for rural areas and small towns where the population is considerably lower. Next, the discussion will continue on about nursing school factors affecting the nursing shortage. Additionally when someone is attracted by the potential for a nursing career and advancement, they must look at all avenues first before deciding and making a commitment to nursing school.However, when someone has made the decision to enroll they must take several prerequisite classes and take a nursing entrance exam before being accepted into a nursing program. Furthermore, after students have taken the re quired prerequisites, they may not easily be accepted into a nursing program because of limited number of slots available and teaching constraints. In fact, it has been well observed by many schools that the major factor in the nursing shortage is due to the lack of qualified nursing instructors.In the United States, â€Å"nursing schools turned away 67,583 qualified applicants from baccalaureate and graduate programs in 2010 due to insufficient number of faculty, clinical sites, classroom space, clinical preceptors and budget constraints† (2010-2011 Enrollment and Graduations in Baccalaureate and Graduate Programs in Nursing 2). Another factor that contributes to the nursing shortage is that nursing faculty members and educators are being lured away from colleges by higher compensation, which in turn reduces the number of potential educators to meet the demands needed.Consequently, most educators are generally older with a limited number of years of teaching left before reti rement which in turn could also leave more potential nurses waiting on a list that could reduce the national shortage. Furthermore, the United States started facing some major healthcare challenges with the baby-boomer generation beginning to impact the healthcare system in two-thousand ten. Now that this generation is in their sixties many of them will be facing increased health problems due to aging thus putting a greater demand on the healthcare system for treatment and prevention.Consequently, this generation will begin turning sixty-five at a rate of approximately ten thousand baby-boomers per day for the next nineteen years starting in the year two-thousand eleven. This in turn will create a huge stressor to the already problematic nursing shortage. In addition to the baby-boomer generation, America will soon be forced to provide healthcare to millions of individuals who previously did not have insurance starting in two-thousand fourteen when the Affordable Care Act goes into full force.Furthermore, â€Å"healthcare reform will soon provide subsidies for thirty-two million citizens to more fully utilize the healthcare system† (Joint Statement from the Tri-Council for Nursing on Recent Registered Nurse Supply and Demand Projections 2). This in turn will create a huge stress on the medical profession especially the nursing sector, as the healthcare system is grappling in the shortage of nurses to care for the baby-boomers. Emergency rooms and physicians’ offices will soon be faced with a massive influx of patients to provide care for, which would cause an increased demand for more medical staff including nurses and physicians.Patients then would be going to local hospitals for elective surgeries and diagnostic testing which would cause a surge and a need for more hospital beds to accommodate the needs of patients. When the demand exceeds the amount of resources available people could be facing other challenges such as emergencies or disasters of magnitude. With the introduction of the healthcare reform and the baby-boomer generation, the healthcare system could also be facing emergency preparedness scenarios that have not been attempted before with the combination of emergency disaster plans currently available.Some may remember the hundreds killed and injured from the two-thousand eleven tornado outbreak or the terrorist attacks on the twin towers that caused mass casualties and injured numerous people on September 11, 2001. This is just to name a few disasters that America was impacted by with the need for emergent healthcare services. Additionally in the United States, â€Å"there is little flexibility for unanticipated fluctuations in patient acuity and demand on a daily basis, and an absence of standby capacity for large-scale emergencies† (McHugh 442).Consequently, if the United States doesn’t come up with a large scale disaster plan that has been attempted before, then many will be faced with total destruction and demise. Nurses have gone through the grueling process to begin and succeed in their careers from the dedication of going to school to meet entry level standards, as well as taking the national licensure examination prior to practicing. Some nurses graduate with the expectation that the wages and demands of the job will be satisfying to keep them in their current role.But some people may know very little about the profession until they are faced with the reality of the job demands versus the salary. A new graduate nurse just beginning his/her career maybe making less than the more experienced nurses, but still held to the standard of providing the same type of care to all patients. According to the U. S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics, the national median wage for registered nurses as of May two-thousand ten was â€Å"$67,720 annually† (U. S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wages).However this statistic did not report the level of ed ucation held other than the title of registered nurse. Furthermore, nurses are held to a high standard to uphold to their duties and continue to give accurate, compassionate and safe care to all patients. Nevertheless, nurses play many roles other than a care-taker or pill pusher, they are expected to know about possible medication interactions that could harm a patient since they are the last line of protection for patient. Nurses have also been trained to think critically in times of crisis and to intervene with life-saving interventions without the supervision of a physician.Many of the â€Å"hazards on the job, include blood and body fluid exposure as well as musculoskeletal injuries related to ergonomic hazard from lifting and repetitive tasks† (Stone et al. 1984). During times of busy patient demands, nurses may also run the risk of harm to themselves, especially during the administration of an injection that could cause a needle puncture that may potentially be from an infected needle, or come in contact with the splashing of body fluids on exposed skin.However, many hospitals have currently up-graded equipment to help prevent unwanted needle stick exposures through the use of needle free systems, but there is still work to be done to keep nurses and patients safe. Furthermore, nurses may also be exposed to occupational injuries while lifting a patient in bed, or when a patient falls on a staff member and injures them in the same turn as well. Obviously some hospitals have improved the safety for staff, and patients with the use of lifts or ssistive devices, but time maybe of essence. With this in mind, the physical and mental demands of the nursing profession may take a toll on a person’s body, or it may potentially provoke thoughts of a career change from the risks involved. However, since nurses are also held accountable for mistakes made even when times are proven difficult, in hind sight turn this could potentially create a stressful environment full of expectations without satisfaction.Furthermore, â€Å"nurses’ working conditions have been associated with medication errors and falls, increased deaths, and spread of infection, but nurses report making more errors when working shifts greater than twelve hours, working overtime, or working more than forty hours per week† (Stone et al. 1984). In some hospitals nurses are given an assigned number of patients to care for, but patients are coming into the hospitals’ sicker than in previous years which can create a dilemma when assigning patient care.Some hospitals’ have been designated as a Magnet hospital where the maximum ratio is one nurse to five patients which could help ease some demands to be able to provide better care to patients, but this trend is still new to some healthcare systems. On a typical working shift nurses are responsible for medication administration, physical assessments and general care of the patient, but during t imes of staffing shortage nurses may have to provide all the care for all assigned patients.Generally speaking, nurses care for four to eight patients per shift while â€Å"an additional patient within this range was associated with a seven percent increase in the odds of dying within thirty days of admission and a seven percent increase in the odds of death following complications such as shock or pneumonia† (Keenen 1). In addition patients have a greater risk of infection due to lack of adequate infection control from proper hand washing by healthcare staff when staffing shortages occur.When nurses are held accountable for a certain number of patients, and one person falls out of bed down the hall while they were getting another patient up to the bathroom can create an unsafe and unsatisfactory environment for all involved parties that in turn can cause higher morbidity in patients. With a stressful environment and combined fear of making a mistake which would result in pun itive action against them, â€Å"the U. S. healthcare system contains a safety climate which blames individuals for errors instead of the system or organizational failures that may really be at fault† (Fox and Abrahamson 235).With that said, more nurses feel pressured to not make any mistakes instead of being human. However, when hospitals’ are dealing with staffing issues and nurses are not able to give proper attention to their patients this in turn could create a dangerous situation for patients that have an increased mortality risk due to complications or co morbidities. Studies have shown that staffing insufficiencies increase the mortality risk in patients due to the inability to adequately care and educate patients on complications such as pneumonia or bloods clots which can be proven fatal.Nurses are also expected to perform many tasks that include life saving techniques in critical situations, but in order to keep these individuals with these skills employed b y a specific facility it takes a clever approach to nursing retention. However, â€Å"research shows that nurses contribute heavily to the quality of patient care, reimbursement based upon performance outcomes would likely increase the economic value of nurses, thus improving wages, work environment and recruitment and retention† (Fox and Abrahamson 235).In the past, when hospitals were dealing with nursing shortages some would offer a sign-on bonus or a contract to pay for a portion of education expenses as an incentive to attract employees for difficult to recruit positions such as night shifts. Due to cost constraints some facilities were beginning to do away with sign-on bonuses and offer other assistance after a specific time period of employment. On the contrary, most facilities do not recognize nurses with compensation based on performance other than an increase in cost of living wages, but could benefit further through increased recognition programs.Since World War II the nursing profession had always been a female dominant profession until now, with the addition and encouragement of male nurses in the profession. Most patients saw nursing as a female dominant profession due the delicate nature of caring for sick patients and the need for gentle interactions and nurturing. Furthermore, working conditions were often poorer in nursing with a predominately female occupation.During times of economic recession more nurses were choosing to work, or continue employment to help meet the financial expectations of their households especially in times when other family members are facing a layoff or furlough. Although when the economy improves the shift of nurses actively working may change and create an even bigger nursing shortage while some may change careers or retire all together. Furthermore, with the introduction of men in nursing things have begun to change and more and more men were joining the nursing profession for career stability and advanceme nt opportunities in an already female dominant profession.A man named James Derham â€Å"in 1783 who was a slave earned money to buy his freedom by working as a nurse† making him the first male nurse (Bonair and Philipsen 19). Nursing schools began offering scholarships to male nursing students as a way to attract more people to the nursing profession. With men in a female dominant profession they were making up â€Å"five to ten percent of the workforce in the UK, USA and Canada† while in the nursing profession they were more likely to be promoted into leadership roles (Brown 120).Male nurses generally started a nursing career at a younger age compared to their female counter parts. As working nurses were getting older many of them were planning for retirement at a time when a majority of people were retiring with the baby-boomer generation. More and more people began to choose a nursing career later in life, so consequently most nurses ended up retiring earlier due t o the strains of the job or age factors. Consequently, the average age of nursing students graduating was thirty-one, while the average age of the working nurse is forty-six years old.Due to the popularity of nursing for some it is becoming a second career for individuals after many years of employment in other fields such as business, or computer industries that have had many changes and layoffs that contributed to the employment shift. With this new employment shift new nurses that began a nursing career as older adults are not working in the field as long and retiring sooner. Furthermore with the short periods of nursing employment, this again creates problems with fixing the nursing shortage across the country.Now that the factors of the nursing shortage have been described in detail, the next discussion will be about ways to fix the nursing shortage problem in America from the faculty shortage to loan forgiveness programs. If America is going to get out of the nursing shortage crisis the first step is to address the shortage of educators, and nursing faculty that teach and train the future nursing students. In order to create an interest in teaching there needs to be some changes with regards to income levels, and more education assistance to give nurses the ability to increase their knowledge. Some hospitals ffer opportunities to take a leave of absence from their jobs to pursue further education options without the fear of job loss. However, this in turn would not only be an asset to the individual but the facility as well that encouraged their employees to seek more education. Another factor in the nursing shortage is the number of clinical sites needed to give adequate clinical experiences for nurses to learn in. In hospitals today nursing schools generally have clinical experiences five days a week instead of an additional two days on the weekend to meet more needs of clinical experience time.By offering the additional two days per week, nursing stud ents would meet their clinical expectations ahead of schedule therefore they could graduate earlier and begin nursing practice sooner. This in turn would help to ease the shortage of trained nurses sooner and decrease the waitlist time for entrance into nursing school. In order to attract more nurses to continue advancing their education there needs to be more monetary compensation to pay for the cost of education in order to encourage more nurses to advance into teaching.Furthermore in order for the healthcare system and colleges to meet the recruitment demands and the shortage requirements there needs to be some collaboration between facilities for education and tuition assistance. Consequently to address the aging of the nursing faculty, more people need to be encouraged to continue their education without any lapse of time after graduation. Nevertheless, since most nurses cannot afford to pay for the higher expenses of college and continue to work then only a selected few would advance their education.However, some nurses may choose not to continue their education due to conflicts with work schedules and family, unless there was some loan assistance or forgiveness program widely used. The United States currently has loan forgiveness programs that pay the entire amount of the loan after requirements are met. Furthermore, after a nurse has completed two years of service in a hospital then they can apply for the loan forgiveness program that may take up to six months before a decision is made, and only a limited number of individuals are selected.In addition, if the United States invested in more healthcare facilities and offered more loan assistance and scholarships then people would be more attracted to the nursing profession and possibly reduce the nursing shortage. In conclusion, after discussing the many challenges that the nursing profession faces, it is still considered a highly respected field by many but may not be the choice for everyone. However, u ntil the United States aggressively pursues a solution to the nursing shortage, better wages, and working conditions, then healthcare reform will define the critical needs of nurses that may end up costing more lives than money.In the end, if the nursing shortage continues, it could be catastrophic to American society at a time when healthcare has made so many advances to increase the life expectancy rate. Works Cited â€Å"2010-2011 Enrollment and Graduations in Baccalaureate and Graduate Programs in Nursing. † Fact Sheet-Nursing Shortage (2011). . Bonair, Jennifer, and Nayna Philipsen. â€Å"Men in Nursing: Addressing the Nursing Workforce Shortage and Our History. † Maryland Nurse.CINAHL Plus with Full Text. EBSCO, 10. 3 (May-July 2009): 19. Web. 29 Oct. 2011. Brown, Brian. â€Å"Men in nursing: Re-evaluating masculinities, re-evaluation gender. † Contemporary Nurse: A Journal for the Australian Nursing Profession. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. EBSCO, 33. 2 (20 09): 129. Web. 29 Oct. 2011 Fox, Rebekah L. , and Kathleen Abrahamson. â€Å"A Critical Examination of the U. S. Nursing Shortage: Contributing Factors, Public Policy Implications. † Nursing Forum. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. EBSCO, 44. 4 (Oct-Dec. 2009): 244. Web. Sept. 2011.Joint Statement from the Tri-Council for Nursing on Recent Registered Nurse Supply and Demand Projections. AACC, n. d. Web. 4 Sept. 2011. . Keenen, Patricia. â€Å"The Nursing Workforce Shortage: Causes, Consequences, Proposed Solutions. † Issue Brief. CINHL Plus with Full Text. EBSCO, (2003): 6. Web. 31 Oct. 2011. McHugh, Matthew D. â€Å"Hospital Nurse Staffing and Public Health Emergency Preparedness: Implications for Policy. † Public Health Nursing. 27. 5 (Sept/Oct 2010): 449.CINAHL Plus with Full Text. EBSCO. Web. 29 Oct. 2011. Stone, Patricia w. , et al. â€Å"Nurses' Working Conditions: Implications for Infectious Disease. † Emerging Infectious Diseases 10. 11 (2004): 1989. We b. 28 Sept. 2011. . The Demographic Challenges Facing Colorado's Health Care Workforce. Colorado Center for Nursing Excellence, n. d. Web. 4 Sept. 2011. . U. S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics. Occupation: Registered Nurses. http://data. bls. gov, May 2010. Web. 1 Nov. 2011.