Through Deaf Eyes

THROUGH DEAF EYES is a two-hour documentary that explores 200 years of Deaf life in America. The film presents the shared experiences of American history – family life, education, work, and community connections from the perspective of deaf citizens , and Gallaudet University president emeritus I. King Jordan. The movie started by CJ Jones who is an actor & director. It’s gives me more information about the deaf culture & community by showing me the history of how Gallaudet, Laurent Clark & other great people brought sign language to the united stated states. The video let me appreciate the deaf culture more and understand it better. Deaf people suffered many hardships through the years but opportunities for them are growing more and more. The way hearing view Deaf culture is becoming more and more accepting. Parents of deaf children have to face many tough decisions on how to help their child succeed in life. I have learned some historical news about ASL like: Ninety percent of deaf children have hearing parents; thirty five million Americans have some hearing loss, 300,000 people are profound deaf out of the thirty five million, deafness can be heredity, accident, injury. After I watched the in the movie that how In 1817 Thomas Gallaudet opened the first deaf school with seven students, and Laurent Clark brought FSL and worked together for the school which gives me a better view that they really worked together to build ASL foundation. I didn’t liked that how they suffered because of one man believed that using signs didn’t allow deaf children to learn to speak and lip read. Like how the oral method grew up and deaf teachers and teaching ASL method declined. How deaf school was prevented from signing and using the oral method as well as forbade signing and forced them to speak, and even babies were taught rhythm. Speaking was two-way communications for someone who can lip-read and speak, so others don’t assume that they can hear. Many discriminated deaf people so; they made the NAD (National Association Of Deaf). A rule was made that the deaf couldn’t work for the government. The seventh president of NAD fought and won to repeal the world. He is probably the most famous NAD president. He spoke four languages and was a brilliant man. NAD began making movies to maintain sign language. Deaf across portrayed deaf & hearing characters because the movies were silence often-deaf characters were dumb and reason for laughter and comedy but at least deaf people could understand the movies. After, 1929, when movies were no longer silence and was a tragedy for the deaf. As schools spread, as well as signing, there were deaf teams they could defeat hearing teams, clubs and much more. However, tried to fix deafness and saw it was a problem. Charles Limbard flew â€Å"deaf flights† tried to cure deafness. Many parents turned to medicine to cure it, religion, and even by playing baseball. Really dislike how NAD banded Black people from attending deaf schools, which lasted for forty years. I liked their success when they achieve by establishing their own community and culture by sharing with other hearing people. Deaf people tried to focus on what they could do. If there was obstacle they usually came up with a solution on their own. There are now deaf churches so the could worship. For first ninety years telephones existence deaf people could not use it. Then the great technology in 1964, Robert Breck tried to invent a deaf telephone he was a deaf and a brilliant physicist. Then the teletypewriter worked in may of 1964. It spread as first in testing, type, in a new sense from the phone sound and after a few changes were made. TTY was a huge step and technology was working for the deaf world. Sign language made a huge impact in 1955 by deaf people thought signing was weird and different because of the way they were taught. National theater of the deaf began performing and signing for the hearing public too. More drama clubs for the deaf only performed for the deaf. In 1968, National Technological institute for the deaf was established. Finally a deaf actor was in a leading role sign language was used throughout the movie. Some critics thought Mark won the Oscar by sympathy. DPN (deaf president now) movement, there were three options: 1 hearing, 2 deaf. The hearing person was chosen. Protests began and they marched. Surprisingly, for seven days there was a protest. Student leaders rule the board refused to change their minds but had a public meeting when the new president came to the campus, the students blocked the entrances and wouldn’t budge 93% of population supported DPN. How after 9 hour meeting, board accepted all of their demands. A law was passed that made it illegal to discriminate against anyone with a disability and from now on, Gallaudet University will have a deaf president. The deaf community for many years has been discriminated and judge so cruel through out the history. By seeing this video now I learned how the deaf world could change their life. When I look at a deaf person or hard of hearing person, I look at them a lot different now than I did growing up. I found this to be very interesting. I can understand this because they want to be alert to say their goodbyes to their family. It is interesting how different cultures view this practice inside the United States as well as outside the United States. Through Deaf Eyes THROUGH DEAF EYES is a two-hour documentary that explores 200 years of Deaf life in America. The film presents the shared experiences of American history – family life, education, work, and community connections from the perspective of deaf citizens , and Gallaudet University president emeritus I. King Jordan. The movie started by CJ Jones who is an actor & director. It’s gives me more information about the deaf culture & community by showing me the history of how Gallaudet, Laurent Clark & other great people brought sign language to the united stated states. The video let me appreciate the deaf culture more and understand it better. Deaf people suffered many hardships through the years but opportunities for them are growing more and more. The way hearing view Deaf culture is becoming more and more accepting. Parents of deaf children have to face many tough decisions on how to help their child succeed in life. I have learned some historical news about ASL like: Ninety percent of deaf children have hearing parents; thirty five million Americans have some hearing loss, 300,000 people are profound deaf out of the thirty five million, deafness can be heredity, accident, injury. After I watched the in the movie that how In 1817 Thomas Gallaudet opened the first deaf school with seven students, and Laurent Clark brought FSL and worked together for the school which gives me a better view that they really worked together to build ASL foundation. I didn’t liked that how they suffered because of one man believed that using signs didn’t allow deaf children to learn to speak and lip read. Like how the oral method grew up and deaf teachers and teaching ASL method declined. How deaf school was prevented from signing and using the oral method as well as forbade signing and forced them to speak, and even babies were taught rhythm. Speaking was two-way communications for someone who can lip-read and speak, so others don’t assume that they can hear. Many discriminated deaf people so; they made the NAD (National Association Of Deaf). A rule was made that the deaf couldn’t work for the government. The seventh president of NAD fought and won to repeal the world. He is probably the most famous NAD president. He spoke four languages and was a brilliant man. NAD began making movies to maintain sign language. Deaf across portrayed deaf & hearing characters because the movies were silence often-deaf characters were dumb and reason for laughter and comedy but at least deaf people could understand the movies. After, 1929, when movies were no longer silence and was a tragedy for the deaf. As schools spread, as well as signing, there were deaf teams they could defeat hearing teams, clubs and much more. However, tried to fix deafness and saw it was a problem. Charles Limbard flew â€Å"deaf flights† tried to cure deafness. Many parents turned to medicine to cure it, religion, and even by playing baseball. Really dislike how NAD banded Black people from attending deaf schools, which lasted for forty years. I liked their success when they achieve by establishing their own community and culture by sharing with other hearing people. Deaf people tried to focus on what they could do. If there was obstacle they usually came up with a solution on their own. There are now deaf churches so the could worship. For first ninety years telephones existence deaf people could not use it. Then the great technology in 1964, Robert Breck tried to invent a deaf telephone he was a deaf and a brilliant physicist. Then the teletypewriter worked in may of 1964. It spread as first in testing, type, in a new sense from the phone sound and after a few changes were made. TTY was a huge step and technology was working for the deaf world. Sign language made a huge impact in 1955 by deaf people thought signing was weird and different because of the way they were taught. National theater of the deaf began performing and signing for the hearing public too. More drama clubs for the deaf only performed for the deaf. In 1968, National Technological institute for the deaf was established. Finally a deaf actor was in a leading role sign language was used throughout the movie. Some critics thought Mark won the Oscar by sympathy. DPN (deaf president now) movement, there were three options: 1 hearing, 2 deaf. The hearing person was chosen. Protests began and they marched. Surprisingly, for seven days there was a protest. Student leaders rule the board refused to change their minds but had a public meeting when the new president came to the campus, the students blocked the entrances and wouldn’t budge 93% of population supported DPN. How after 9 hour meeting, board accepted all of their demands. A law was passed that made it illegal to discriminate against anyone with a disability and from now on, Gallaudet University will have a deaf president. The deaf community for many years has been discriminated and judge so cruel through out the history. By seeing this video now I learned how the deaf world could change their life. When I look at a deaf person or hard of hearing person, I look at them a lot different now than I did growing up. I found this to be very interesting. I can understand this because they want to be alert to say their goodbyes to their family. It is interesting how different cultures view this practice inside the United States as well as outside the United States.

Erikson Stages of Development Essay

Eric Erikson was primarily a neoanalytic theorist, and in his contention, one’s ego interacts constantly with other individuals within the society, and can be affected by them, as also by the prevalent culture of his society, and ‘Ego’, in this case, refers to an individual’s sense of his own self and his core personality. One must remember that it was Sigmund Freud who initially conceived of the theory of the five developmental stages that an individual goes through during the course of his life, extending from his early childhood to his adolescence, while it was Eric Erikson who expanded and refined Freud’s theory, and extended it to last from early childhood to old age, and stated that an individual passes through eight stages and not a mere five. Erikson conceived of the ‘epigenetic principle’ according to which an individual develops through the eight stages of his life by a predetermined unfolding of his personality, and by accomplishing each one of the tasks that he is expected to complete at each stage. Also referred to as ‘developmental tasks’, unless one is able to accomplish these tasks, one would have to face the negative outcome of not having completed the tasks in a given stage. One example is that of a child in grammar school, who has to be an industrious learner at this stage in his life. If he fails to become so, he may develop an inferiority complex, states Erikson. Furthermore, an individual has to contend with the interaction of opposites that occurs at each stage of his life, and also with the psychosocial conflict that may arise as a result. If the child is able to resolve the crisis at grammar school, he would in all probability remain an extremely confident individual, ready to face challenges, through his life. On the other hand, if he were unable to resolve the conflict, he may feel guilty all his life. Therefore, this can mean that developmental tasks can be psychosocial in nature, and although one’s ego may be inborn, it would be shaped in later stages through the society that one lives in and interacts with. Ego, therefore, must be nurtured within the cultural and social environment of the individual, like for example, his family, and his school. These are the eight stages of life, according to Erikson: infant stage from 0 to 1 year, toddler stage at 2 to 3 years, preschooler at 3 to 6 years, school age at 7 to 12 years, adolescence at 12 to 20 years, young adult at 20’s, middle adult stage at late 20’s to 50’s, older adult stage at 50 to old age. (Hergenhahn, B. R. , & Olson, M. H. (2007) According to Eric Erikson, the stage in life that one enters into immediately after the ‘intimacy vs. isolation stage’ is that of ‘generativity vs. tagnation’ when the young adult starts to assume responsibilities at the age of late 20’s, until he is about 50 years or older. I am a 40 year old divorced female, single parent of two, and I work two jobs and go to school full time. I am also working toward a BA in psychology and have future plans to go on to law school. It is at this stage that I have a strong sense of creativity, and a need to ‘make a mark’ on the world. I need to make sure that the next generation, in this case my children, have a safe and secure life, and I must work hard towards this, in what Erikson refers to as ‘care’. I feel a love for my children that is boundless and unlimited, and I expect nothing at all in return. In my estimation, this is the stage that represents my current life situation, as I have to struggle everyday with my job and my studies, and I also have to take care of my children, and yet I do feel a sense of accomplishment and confidence at having managed to overcome the hurdles in may way to make sure that the world is not a threatening place for the next generation. Perhaps, if I had not been able to pass through the early stages of life with success, like for example in the trust vs. istrust and in the autonomy vs. shame stages, I would not have been the confident individual that I am today. I am thankful that I am not ‘stagnating’ at this stage of my life, because this would mean that I have not done anything at all to help the next generation along. If I had been stagnating, then I would feel great ‘despair’ during the next stage of my life, after I turn fifty or so. Today, I am sure that I will be able to look back at this stage of my life when I am an older person, and feel a sense of ‘integrity’. I will also possess a positive outlook towards my life, and I can look back upon my life and feel gladness that I have spent it well, and better than my neighbor Mike who is an unhappy and gloomy person at heart, perhaps because of the fact that he was not able to resolve the crises that arose at each stage of his life, due to circumstances, or because of his own ego. He is a restless person, who has no sense of security, and who is afraid of taking any sot of risks, because he is afraid to face the outcome. If I too had not been able to cope with the stages of my life, then perhaps I too would have remained a sad and dismal personality, but since I have managed to cross each stage into the next stage with the positive outcomes that I needed to make me into the positive individual that I am today, I have no regrets, and I will continue to do what I am doing today, taking care of my children, working two jobs, and studying full time. Perhaps Mike my neighbor would benefit a great deal by taking a close look at the common developmental issues that an individual of his age faces at this stage of life. (Niolon, Richard (n. d. )

Families within great expectations Essay

The Gargerys can be described as a dysfunctional, sometimes brutal, family although there is some love as well. The violence at the heart of the family derives from Mrs Joe. She is resentful that she has had to take on the burden of her sister’s orphaned son, Pip.  Mrs Joe is the dominant member of the family – unusually for Victorian times. She isn’t afraid of asserting her dominance by beating Pip, and, indeed, Joe either – all the more surprising since he is the local blacksmith. (This adds some humour to the book.) The discipline is fearsome, abusive, random and excessive. She may enjoy punishing Pip and ‘gets the Tickler’ at every opportunity. Pip’s relationship with Mrs. Joe clearly isn’t ideal. Pip depends greatly on his however. Pip is an orphan, and would quite probably be homeless if it wasn’t for her. Pip knows this and that’s why he has put up with his mistreatment/victimisation, timidly†¦ Pip tries to make the best of their relationship, but Mrs. Joe Gargery is too domineering, a fact respected by Pumblechook. She constantly says that she bought Pip by hand, degrading Pip in the process. There is, however, love in the family too – though it passes strictly between Joe and Pip. Joe comforts Pip, warns him when ‘Tickler’ is about, slips him food when Mrs Joe has forbidden it. There is shelter and a sense of correction can be gained as well. However, like every other ‘family’, there are uses of discipline evident.  Pip’s relationship with Joe is a complete contrast. Joe respects Pip and vice versa. He is proud of Pip for he declares Pip is a scholar after Pip successfully wrote and read a letter. During the beginning of the novel Pip idolises Joe however once Pip has achieved Gentleman-hood he becomes ashamed of Joe. This shown by his apprehension when Joe comes to visit him in London. He also deceives him as to his reasons for failing to call on Joe and Biddy on his visits to Satis house. (We feel that Pip is unfair here, however his love for Magwitch makes up for it.) In contrast Joe stays faithful to Pip, and helps Pip recover after he has fallen ill. This touches Pip. It helps him become less snobbish and more mature. Joe’s simplicity and honesty makes him the real gentleman in our and later in Pip’s eyes. The other relationship in this grouping is that of Joe and Mrs. Joe. Mrs. Joe depends of Joe financially, however Joe’s need or even love of Mrs. Joe isn’t shown. Yet he mourns her passing. Joe’s simplicity and honesty are weaknesses in their relationship. In this relationship however, Mrs. Joe doesn’t brutally punish Joe, perhaps because she’s subtly afraid of him fighting back. A normal couple wouldn’t be in this type of predicament. It also helps our sympathy being lost towards Joe instead of Pip.  The narrator (the older Pip) is very unemotional about the whole ordeal. He seems to understate the actions of the group and is somewhat detached. This implies that he is trying to hide the misery he had in his earlier years. Dickens also uses humour to try and deny the pain he suffered. â€Å"I often served her as a connubial missile† – Mrs. Joe enters the room and throws Pip across the room at Joe. It also understates the pain in a sense.  Halfway through Chapter 2 Dickens uses some more understatement.  Mrs. Havisham and Estella are a mysterious pair of characters. During the beginning of the novel they are portrayed as evil. They raise Pip’s expectations to an unrealistic level. Knowing that he should fail and have more misery.  Miss. Havisham can perhaps be described as cold, ruthless, manipulative and masochistic. She wants take revenge on all men for the wrongs that was done to her by one man. She sits in the clothes she should had worn for her wedding and is surrounded by decaying things a darkened solemn room. She uses Estella cruelly as a porn to exact her revenge. She fails to forget the past and seems to constantly remind herself of the pain she apparently endured.  Early on in the play she delights in the way Estella torments Pip and likes to keep her relatives guessing as to whom she will leave her money once she dies. She continues with her plan to use Estella as an instrument of revenge on the entire male sex until later in the novel she comes to realise she has created a monster. She accuses Estella of being hard and ungrateful but Estella says she cannot give love as she wasn’t given any herself. She tries to undo some of harm she has done by helping Pip with his plan for Herbert and she leaves her cousin Matthew a legacy of Pip’s recommendation. She dies distraught with guilt for what she has done for Pip and Estella. Estella can be best described as beautiful but heartless.  In the first stage of the novel, she is a beautiful young girl. She has been brought up as a young lady, but uses her education to talk down to Pip and make him feel inferior. Estella is cruel to Pip yet loyal to Miss Havisham. She is bitter and twisted due to the strange upbringing she has received by Miss. Havisham. Estella does not fully realise that she is being used by the old woman and that she is, herself, little more than an agent for Miss Havisham revenge. Estella has been educated as an accomplished and sophisticated young lady. She warns Pip time and time again that she has no heart and can never love anyone. She tells Pip that he is only one to be so warned and that she fools of the other men. She seems to become tired of this way of life and is almost self-destructive in her determination to marry such a brutal and ill-mannered man as Bently Drummle. Even Mrs. Havisham tries to persuade her. At the end of the Novell, she is a widow and has little property left. Her hard experiences seemed to have softened her, and she implies that she regrets having rejected Pip’s love for her. She is contrite and humble as she confesses that she realises what she threw away when she rejected Pip’s love. She feels that the best she can hope for is that they can be friends. She is too humble to expect more.   As a whole the two are merely colleagues at the beginning to novel. The young Estella is manipulated and mesmerised, yet she is too young to realise, and continues with her life as is was before. However the end of the novel the older Estella shows her real feelings about Miss. Havisham in an emotional scene. The one who Miss. Havisham has brought up to destroy men’s hearts has now destroyed the remains of hers. Miss. Havisham unsuccessfully uses Estella as her proxy and then becomes guilty. This leads to her painful (as if revenge was enacted on her) demise.  The location of this grouping in inside ‘Satis House’. ‘Satis’ meaning ‘enough’ in Latin. This is ironic as Miss. Havisham clearly doesn’t have enough, she isn’t satisfied. There is something missing in Miss. Havisham’s life, marriage. It was shameful for a woman to not be married the Victorian era. This explains Miss. Havisham’s unwillingness to venture out of the house.  If Satis House was to equate to Miss. Havisham, then it can be described as a prison. It stunts Estella’s growth. Estella is trapped inside of Miss. Havisham. She becomes Miss. Havisham.

Case Commentary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case Commentary - Essay Example The bone of contention was that while domestic companies were allowed to set their own individual baselines, the foreign companies were not allowed to set their own baselines and had to comply with those established by the Act.12 The US government argued that while it was possible to evaluate the small number of domestic companies compliance with the Act based on their baselines, using the same approach for foreign companies that were more in number would place an unjustified quantitative pressure on the Environment Protection Agency (EPA). The statutory baselines for the foreign companies were, therefore, necessary to allow EPA function. They further argued that the Act was absolutely necessary and in compliance with Article XX for human health protection, clean air and conservation of exhaustible natural resources. This case was unique in that while it pursued the greater environmentalist goals, it was based on trade disputes thus its arbitration by the WTO appellate body was justified.34 On 24th January 1995, Venezuela requested a WTO address while Brazil did the same on 10th April 1995. The two countries alleged that the US Clean Air Act discriminated against their rights and violated the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Articles 1 and 3, and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Article 2. On 10th April 1995, a panel was set up to review the complaints and evidence presented by Venezuela. The panel was finally formulated on 26th April 1995. Upon a request from Brazil, a third panel was set up on 19th June 1995 to specifically review Brazilian complaints and evidence. On 31st may 1995 it was decided that the two panels reviewing Venezuelan and Brazilian evidences and complaints be coalesced into a single panel. The decision to coalesce the two panels was reached in accordance with Article 9 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU).56 The panel concluded its review and

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 82

Essay Example Gang and Mafia system prevail and flourish due to drug users as they act the source of all problems related drug trafficking. It is easy to locate the availability of drugs in a school, community and society. The frequent usage has prevailed not only due to swift drug marketing, but also through media which pictured the drug users tough and courageous. This negative impact and message was worldwide and because of which curiosity and attraction of drug usage grew especially among youngsters. Many high school and college students have been involved in its marketing as it makes the earning effortless and swift for them which, consequently promotes gang culture in schools and prostitution among young girls. Bullying in educational institutes has become a common phenomenon lately, which should be eliminated. I personally feel the unpleasant affects of bullying are disastrous and continual of it will produce uncountable psychological problems in everyman of our nation. The victims of bullying suffer to great extent. Bullying exists in many form which are verbal, physical, and psychological and recently a new popular mode; known as cyber bullying. The reasons of which vary, but stereotype behavior and bias, remain the source of it. The increase in violence and peer pressure impacts adversely on a pupil’s life. They feel alone, ensnared, distracted, troubled and perilous. Thus, lack of confidence heightens and their capabilities shrink, which results in low scores. Kids bully due to numerous reasons, violence or negligence at home, frustration due to any deficiency, lack of role model and undue sway, racial biases and conduct turmoil. Bullying affects both the parties negatively it not only harms the victim but, also the abuser as they both are under the process of maturation. Bullying has a long lasting effect on a person’s life. The terrifying and humiliated moments of bullying; haunts a person until the end of his life.

Probable Chance of Showers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Probable Chance of Showers - Essay Example Because of the above increased reliance on statistics and probabilities, the chances of wrong weather predictions are always there. This paper analyses how concepts used in probability theory are employed by meteorologist to determine when rain will rain in a certain region an how many inches.   In meteorological forecasting, the categorical forecast is one that has only two probabilities: zero and unity (or 0 and 100 percent). Thus, even what we call a categorical forecast can be thought of in terms of two different probabilities; such a forecast can be called dichotomous. On the other hand, the conventional interpretation of a probabilistic, forecast is one with more than two probability categories; such a forecast can be called polychotomous (Probabilistic Forecasting - A Primer) Dichotomous weather prediction is more accurate than polychotomous prediction. In polychotomous prediction more probabilities are there compared to the dichotomous prediction and it is impossible to the public to know how much rain may rain or at what time the rain starts. In other words, polychotomous prediction is only an assumption which lacks scientific facts. On the other hand, dichotomous prediction may have better scientific backing. It always says accurately whether rain comes or not at a particular period over a particular place. In other words, dichotomous prediction is 100% accurate. Dichotomous predictions are not always easy because of the changing climate cycles. Great uncertainties are prevailing in human life and weather prediction is also not free from uncertainties. Because of the increased element of uncertainties involved in weather prediction, probability theory is quite often used in weather prediction. â€Å"Probability starts with logic. There is a set of N elements. We can define a sub-set of n favorable elements, where n is less than or equal to N. Probability P = n/N† (Theory of Probability: Best Introduction, Formulae, Algorithms, Software). In w eather prediction, the favorable elements of rain are atmospheric temperature, humidity, pressure, cloud conditions etc. In other words, the above elements can determine whether rain happens or not at a particular period of time. When the number of favorable elements more, n > N and the probability becomes more than unity. When probability is more than one or equal to one, the chances of rain are more. On the other hand in some cases, N might be the double of n. In such cases, the probability becomes .5 or the chances of rain become 50%. For example while tossing a coin, the probability of getting a tail and head is 50%. Here the attempt made or N is 1 and the coin has 2 sides or n is 2. So the probability p= ? or 0 .5. Probability theory is used based on the frequency of occurrence of events also. It is an accepted fact that during monsoon period, heavy rain will take place. The arrival of rain during monsoon period has started long time back and it continues so. Weather or rain pr ediction during monsoon periods can be easy for the meteorologists by analyzing the frequency of occurrence of rain during the monsoon season. It is possible for meteorologists to analyze the rain data or statistics over a particular period of time and to predict the possible amount of rain which may happen in a particular year. All these calculations are made with the help of probability theory

Brief the UK company on business and national cultural norms in the Assignment

Brief the UK company on business and national cultural norms in the host country - Assignment Example Within an organization, the way how members interconnect, plan and make choices is largely influenced by beliefs, rules of conduct, attitudes, values and norms. Every organization has its own norms, customs, values, expectations and cultures that effect the interaction or behavior of the employees towards administration, associates, colleagues and collaboration between one another to achieve organizational goals. Norms are guidelines set by organizations to workers to be recognized and help them to accomplish its objectives. Members of the organization are directed to learn and follow various proceedings that occur at work and answer to them that expose businesses guiding norms and values (Gannon and Pillai, 2010) There are number of aspects that effect business success and offer its more development and growth. Business activity is directly affected by the values people follow and culture is demonstrated as the edge where certain set of values work. Values, beliefs and attitudes that are occasionally donated to as â€Å"Culture†, has an unchallengeable role in human actions and growth. It appears that in order to contribute in nation’s economic wealth and happiness, there must be a certain set of moral codes and values that assist in doing business (Chang, 2006). Certainly, values play the chief role in decision-building, as they direct attitude to one condition or another. Business success can be influenced by the values of individuals, their attitudes and principles as these features direct their action and behavior. Cultural elements have an important influence on the growth of business. Each society has its own elements of culture (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2007). These factors of culture are demonstrated through: verbal, Nonverbal, religion, Language, manners, actions, education, aesthetics, social society and material elements. Adjustment of these essentials for an international company governs on its degree in

Healthcare finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Healthcare finance - Assignment Example Variability in contribution further implies variability in marginal cost equation because contribution is an element of the equation. In addition, contribution has direct impact on profit and change in the environment, with volume remaining constant, means lower profit to volume ration because of lower contribution. Further, reduced marginal cost, due to discount the discounted fee for service environment shifts the break-even point. Consequently, contribution influences change in the other three elements of the analysis (Gapenski, 2008). Ability to identify factors to cost is one of the important attributes of cost drivers. This allows for cost determination and ability to control costs. Another important attribute of an effective cost driver, which transcends to effectiveness of cost allocation, is the ability to identify the level at which cost occur, a feature that facilitate understanding of costs and their control (Gapenski, 2008; Kinney and Raiborn,

Imbalance and maldistribution of physicians Essay

Imbalance and maldistribution of physicians - Essay Example The Bureau of Health Professions (1992) proffered that â€Å"the relative shortage of physicians in rural areas of the United States is 1 of the few constants in any description of the US medical care system. About 20% of the US population—more than 50 million people—live in rural areas, but only 9% of the nations physicians practice in rural communities†. The relevant findings of the study by Rosenblatt & Hart indicated that factors such as specialty choice, gender, and managed care influence the prevalence of physicians in rural areas. As stipulated, the more specialized the physicians are, the more likely that they will settle in urban areas. Likewise, the increase in the number of women in the medical profession reveals preferences of practicing in urban areas than in rural areas. Finally, the effect of managed care to physician imbalance and maldistribution is clearly explained by Rosenblatt & Hart (2000, 1), to wit: â€Å"managed care is a 2-edged sword, both with regard to geographic maldistribution and rural medical underservice. Managed care networks have the potential to provide organizational vehicles for hiring and deploying physicians in areas that could not support independent physicians on their own†. With the disparity, the health care industry must seek ways and means to address this dilemma to enable all Ameri cans to avail of professional health care services on an equal

ADHA with young and adult. discussion 3 Coursework

ADHA with young and adult. discussion 3 - Coursework Example ion, research indicates that children who continue with treatment into adulthood have better outcomes than those who stop intervention measures at childhood. It is difficult to predict long-term outcomes for young children undergoing intervention, and for that reason, there is a need to focus on strategies that are help young children transit into adulthood. For adults, recent reports of misbehavior and transgression are being reported. Adults offer a range of intellectual abilities, which often depends on their social setting (Martin, 2005). The same way that lack of intervention measures affect the education and social relationships of young children, is the same way that adults expose themselves to problems at work and management of families. Adults with ADHD who failed to receive treatment as young children remember similar problems during their childhood. Attention focuses on adults with ADHD because it is extraordinarily challenging to predict the long-term benefits of treatments (Friend, 2004), and for this reason, the need for a long-term perception on treatment. The need for separate intervention measures for adults, concerning changes in social lifestyle, call for the focus on ADHD in adults (Martin, 2005). In my opinion, intervention measures must be mindful of the need to change intervention measures as a young child transits to adolescence, and finally to adulthood. Students at a young age have fewer academic and social demands as compared to adolescents and adults. In the main, this means that although an intervention measure maybe effective for a child, the same intervention may fail to work for an adolescent who encounters a different social environment from that of a child or an adult. If the transition does not happen appropriately, young children and adults may lose the benefits they gained during early childhood intervention measures. This is detrimental to an adult’s development as they may face such challenges as the inability to maintain

Planning Human Resource Essay Example for Free

Planning Human Resource Essay Human resource planning has a major role to meet the company objectives in professional and efficient comportment. In this case study planning process is to meet the short term, by having the right people and the right skills of workforce to supply demands of the new contract at the same time to adjust staffing change for long term objectives. As an HR manager main role is to meet business needs through workforce planning. Part of the planning is to investigate and gather information where the company stands now where we want to take it and how to do that. I can employ the Manpower requirement approach for Human resource planning, to analyse the current situation and estimate future needs and implement the new strategy. The manpower requirement approach enables the HR to investigate the quality and the quantity of the existing workforce and analyse the company situation, forecast an adequate number of skilled manpower to satisfy future needs and achieve targets. 1- Analyse the current workforce: to learn about employees profile, expertise, age education, roles and gather information about staff rotation, this data base permit the company to evaluate the core competences and the power of it is human capital, identify surplus or shortage for short term and long term targets and measure it up with the company objectives and capabilities to appraise the current productivity, Moreover to evaluate the corporate strategy alignment with the vision and mission. 2- Forecast future manpower: identify supply and demand. Expect the quantity and characteristics of the manpower in demand for future needs based on projecting employer past trends. Using previous trends of employment of a specific qualifications and expertise employed earlier in the past years by the company to ensure productivity. â€Å"In this approach an attempt is made to forecast future requirements of educated manpower to fulfil a future target of Gross National Product (GNP) or specified targets of industrial production†. (According to Mahapatro, et al. 2010) Predict directions and development in each size of individual sectors of the economy. Use series of data and historical trends to acquire the ratio between the growth of the skills of the workforce and output growth. This method allow to associate experienced manpower and their productivity influencing the economic growth in a specific sector. According to Mahapatro, et al. 2010, â€Å"the fundamental axioms of manpower requirements approach is that there is a definite link between the education and the economic growth and the lack of skilled manpower in required number impedes growth†. Analyse and estimate the requirements of educated manpower to develop and advance, by assessing different factors engagement level, wastage and recession rate. Estimate the level of labour force participants by comparing the participant’s rates and the number of graduates for a specific occupation. The main strengths of this method are estimating and comparing the demand and supply over a period of time in a specific economy and correlate this with the total population level of employment and production. Moreover this approach helps the company to identify future needs for development and training allowing them to categorise. According to Mahapatro, et al. 2010,† this approach assess the skill requirements to achieve any predetermined economic growth, and to gear the expansion of educational system to provide the needed education and training† However there are some flaws in the Manpower Requirements approaches. The first limitation: The Manpower requirement approach, link skilled manpower to a specific occupation task, however it’s limited to be valid since it is not including the price and the cost of formal training and education to produce such educated level required, and it can only be relevant to developing countries, where high proportion of manpower have obtained these skills through informal learning and job experience. According to Mahapatro, et al. 2010, â€Å"in the Indian context, it has been observed that over 30 percent of the manpower do not have the basic minimum qualification. They have reached these levels through on-the-job training and such other informal training in the requisite skills.† The second limitation: This method confirms that there are no replacements for the required skilled manpower; however we cannot expect to find in one country all jobs requiring a specific skill to be executed by manpower having the same category of education. According to Mahapatro, et al. 2010, â€Å"the educated manpower of different types are used in fixed proportions and that there no substitutions possibilities among the various categories of educated manpower†. The future is uncertain, technological and economical factors constantly changing affect the patterns of demands predicted in an earlier stage, since estimated skilled or unskilled labour force is derived from the patterns of services or goods in demand, this approach is relatively unreliable for future for long turn estimates and can produce large errors. According to Mahapatro, et al. 2010, â€Å"Any error in judgment, in this regard, will seriously affect manpower balances at a later date resulting in either excess supply or excess demand†. Flexibility For example the Audit Commission, they have developed different type of employment to meet their business needs. â€Å"†These different contracts help the Audit Commission to cope with all of its changing needs. They also help it to be flexible.† (The Times 100, 2013) The Audit Commission is constantly faced with peaks and troughs in the workload that cannot be met simply by having its employees on full-time contracts. There are situations where they need either more staff or fewer staff. By increasing or reducing staff in these situations the Audit Commission has developed numerical flexibility. (The Times 100, 2013) As we know the organisation had some success stories and some unstable situation, HR planning at this phase after winning a new contract is extremely crucial. We can learn from the Audit Commission and apply flexibility to be able to meet future business needs without raising employment cost and by avoiding downsizing. I can suggest developing and applying flexible working patterns by introducing different type of employment contracts. The internal labour market 350 employees 95% of them have permanent contract consisting the core group of the organization having the skills and knowledge to work in many roles, the abovementioned manpower enable the organisation to run the daily operation having the expertise the knowhow of the company production standards and quality, and they can meet the enquiries in an efficient ways. However the company has recently won a new contract that might implicate needs for recruitment. The existing 95% will remain on permanent contracts and will consist the 75% of the company new structure, as for the new workforce joining the company we can introduce different type of contract to hire them in order to maintain the flexibility of the organisation. They consists the first peripheral and the second peripheral. In the company situation we are examining to hire the first peripheral group that is numerically flexible and the second peripheral group that include employees on short-terms or contractors from agencies, where the organisation needs more staff, that will not by necessary after the production demands of the new contracts are met. As for a construction company that have just signed a new hotel construction project that will end in 5 years, they cannot afford to hire employees on permanent contracts for the new project, as they will have surplus after the hotel is build. In this situation by applying the new working patterns the manufacturing company can meet the new contract needs and ensure that we will not have a manpower surplus after the project is done, it is always easy to increases the number of the workforce but not simple to reduce it. Since the company have liabilities toward their workforce. The cost is extremely high to offer all its employees benefits, health insurance, schooling, bonuses and end of service indemnities. Question 2: As we have discussed before temporary workers play a significant role in current fast pace evolving industries, no matter how skilled or unskilled they are, a certain amount of training is required to make sure they can perform well the assigned tasks. We have to plan the training process and identify the gaps. According to Gomez-Mejia et al, 2012 â€Å"The trainng process consists of three phases: (1) needs assessment, (2) development and conduct of training, and (3) evaluation.† 2.1 Assessment Needs: The type of training should be linked to the organisation goals, in our organisation situation the company needs to meet the new project production needs on time efficiently without compromising the quality. By hiring the new temporary workforce, the company is not looking to develop them or invest in them, as they are only hired to assure the production for a certain period. However we need their contribution to achieve company goals and meet business demand, the required training should enable them to acquire the skills and the knowledge, by identifying a certain type of training that will ensure they are prepared to do the assigned tasks and have the complete knowledge of the company procedures and safety related issue. 2.2 Development and conduct of training We can refer to Aldi’s company case study that was experiencing a rapid expansion and needed to recruit more than 4,000 employees. It is not so easy to involve a large number of employees and engage them to the company objectives, we can examine below how Aldi’s planned to train the new workforce and make them committed to their new roles. They have chosen to provide the on-the-job-training. â€Å"On-the-job training is training that takes place while employees are actually working. It means that skills can be gained while trainees are carrying out their jobs. This benefits both employees and the business. Employees learn in the real work environment and gain experience dealing with the tasks and challenges that they will meet during a normal working day. The business benefits by ensuring that the training is specific to the job. It also does not have to meet the additional costs of providing off-the-job training or losing working time†. (The Times 100, 2013) we can use the same training approach to apply it to our organisation, as we have to be careful about the cost. At the beginning we have to introduce them to the work place they are joining, an induction training should be provided to familiarize the new group joining to the company and colleagues, this orientation ensure their understanding to the company structure and the corporate culture and we can gain their involvement from day one to the organisation objectives and goals. We are examining here the instrumental learning type. On job training approach is applicable in this case study as it is considered cost effective and does not require an expert trainer to be hired from outside the company to teach them specific skills or to provide a certain knowledge. â€Å"OJT also spares the organisation the expense of taking employees out of the work environment for training and usually the cost of hiring outside trainer, because employees generally are capable of doing the training† †. (Gomez-Mejia et al, 2012) At the same it can deliver a clear message about the company expectation while saving time, as senior skilled staff can train new employees divided in groups depending on job requirement and the group can actually learn the required skill while conducting day-to-day activities, it allow them to observe and try. One of benefits for the company will be having skilled employees that will need less supervision to perform tasks in the future, furthermore that will increase the loyalty to the employer and employees relationships, since they will be interacting closely with the senior staff for the training period. In addition they can get guidance and learn new technologies practically rather than theorist, where most of the times theories are not so clear to be applicable. â€Å"The guided on the-job training approach helps build relationships†. (Gomez-Mejia et al, 2012). The informal training or the OJT can enhance relationships between the workforce interacting together to acquire skills and learn better about our organisation, it can be also considered as socializing activity since they can be more open and communicate easily with no barrier, this process will make effective the on-boarding new employees. â€Å"Socialization is not a single event. Rather, socialisation is the iterative process between the new employee and the organisation as the individual develop skills, knowledge, role behaviour, and adjustment to norms and values in response to needs and expectations of organisation. (Jolton et al, 2010). For the employees it helps them to be more motivated and self confident about the job, where they can gain more skills in a practical way. They can get guidance and learn new technologies practically rather than theorist, where most of the times theories are not so clear to be applicable. We have to plan carefully the On-the-Job-Training, to allow immediate benefits and reduce the unproductive breaking-in period of the new joiners. If we leave them to learn through unplanned methods employees may feel anxious unmotivated as they are not confident about their job roles and performance. Since we are aiming for temporary manpower and flexible working patterns this method is considered efficient to make them productive as quickly as possible. In addition the OJT permit to examine at early stage employees basic skills problems, for this scenario we can plan for further training for a certain group, simply it can eliminate skills deficiency. Question 3: 3.1 Benefits of Diversity at the workplace. a. Internal advantages. Emerging economy, constantly changes in lifestyle and social demands stimulate people to move from their native countries to a better place, society are becoming more diverse. One car type cannot fit to one population; diversity in choice can make a difference and appeal to everyone. By recruiting a diverse workforce we won’t be only addressing legislation or avoiding discrimination lawsuits, but we ensure engaging our stakeholders’ demands. Avoiding the stereotype in recruitment is the key success for the company to become an employer of choice. Diversity at the workplace can bring a pool of creativity and new ideas; contribution from people coming from different background can advance work and give the ability to the company to comprehend better our stakeholders’ needs and demands. People having different cultural perspectives and lifestyle can give different ideas about the same subject and convey wider exposure for the company. According to Gomez-Mejia et al, 2012, â€Å"to survive and prosper in an increasingly heterogeneous society, organisations must capitalize on employee diversity as a source of competitive advantage†. Regardless that managing employee diversity is politically correct, diverse workforce enhance better problem solving, in our manufacturing company people tend to work in groups, interacting together can solve occurring problems easier as their life experience is dissimilar and they will approach the arising problems differently. Demographic and Cultural diversity can draw more flexibility to the company culture; sharing different experiences can make the work smoother and enjoyable, since learning is wider and more open. b. External advantages A team of different people sharing life experiences and values can improve our corporate culture to become a multicultural organisation having the experience to understand better international market, this advantage can aid the company to generate more profits and widen our market. Talented people are not limited to one culture, certain age or religion, our aim is to match the right people to the right job, so why to slim our choices since we can recruit from a pool of talents. By offering equal opportunity and overlooking differences we can focus better on having the right skills, Cultural diversity at the workplace can promote competitive advantage over rivals, Moreover respecting individual diversities in recruitment can increase productivity and promote the business image. Diversity at the workplace is the key to stay competitive and to be able to cope to the fast changing economy. â€Å"Given the global nature of business today, organisations have to create very specific and effective recruitment efforts to build a deep reservoir of global as well local talent to staff all their organisational levels. (Jolton et al, 2010) As example we can spot the light to Tesco operating in UK where people from different culture and background lives. â€Å"Tesco recognises that every person is different and will bring unique talents and experiences to a role†. (The Times 100, 2013). According to Tesco; â€Å"Difference can be our strength because talent and diversity are two sides of the same coin. To focus on one while ignoring the other is like trying to run a store with no customers – it just won’t work’†. (The Times 100, 2013). 3.2 Employee Diversity Challenges. However some challenges can draw, if diversity is not correctly managed in our organisation, as we can face negative outcomes in communication and productivity Resistance to change from majority and cultural clashes may occur, people tend not to accept each other easily especially if they consider minority inferior, or not as qualified to compete for a promotion or a career development. Cultural diversity may create a barrier between majority and minorities what can affect teamwork and participation. Communication flow might be distracted; people tend to be more involved in relationships with colleagues having the same culture and background, as they share same point of view and lifestyle, minorities can be left out of the company mainstream. Minorities will start to be unmotivated and not satisfied in the work environment and significant turnover and absenteeism can face the company. Diversity can enhance creativity, however minorities being ignored and less valued, will affect their enthusiasm and involvement in the company goals and achievement, and they won’t be able to perform efficiently and effectively due to the low morale. â€Å"Conversely, the proponents of relativity argue that failure to adapt HR practices to the needs of a diverse population may alienate much of the workforce and reduce their potential contributions†. (Gomez-Mejia et al, 2012) References: 1- Mahapatro,. Bhussan,B., 2010. Human Resource Management. New Delhi: New Age International Limited. Available from: http://web.ebscohost.com [Accessed 30 June 2013]. 2- The Times 100 Business Case Studies, 2013. Flexible working patterns An Audit Commission Case Study. The Times 100. Available from: http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/audit-commission/flexible-working-patterns/conclusion.html#axzz2Z2peExn1 [Accessed 3 July 2013]. 3- Gomez-Mejia,L., Balkin,D., and Cardy,R,. 2012. Managing Human Resources. Seventh Edition. United States of America. Pearson Education, Inc. 4- Jolton,J,. Lundby, K,. 2010. Going Global: Practical Applications and Recommendations for HR and OD Professionals in the Global Workplace. United States of America: Jossey-Bass. Available from: http://web.ebscohost.com [Accessed 16 June 2013].

Types of Constitution Essay Example for Free

Types of Constitution Essay * Written and Unwritten Most constitutions are enacted or codified, either in a single document or series of documents. Many countries have followed the models of the US or French constitutions. The UK constitution is considered to be unwritten, despite key documents such as the Human Rights Act 1998 which could be viewed as constitutional documents there is no systematic code. The only other states not to have entirely written constitutions are New Zealand and Israel. * Rigid and Flexible The ease with which a constitution can be altered is a factor. Some are classed as rigid if they require a special process before they can be changed. This process is usually more onerous and so restricts the ability to change a constitution compared to other laws. To amend the Bill of Rights in the US Constitution requires a two thirds majority of both Houses of Congress and ratification by three quarters of State legislatures. In the Republic of Ireland amendments must be passed by the legislature and then approved by a majority in a referendum. The UK constitution is described as flexible as it requires only the normal procedure to pass on Act of Parliament, essentially a majority in both the Houses, to change any written law elements. The UK constitution also includes non legal rules which can be changed without any formal procedure. * Supreme and Subordinate A supreme constitution is not subject to any external superior force. A subordinate constitution is drafted and introduced in a country by an external sovereign power, so could be amended by that external power. At the core of the distinction is whether the constitution provides the highest form of law in the land. For example subordinate constitutions can be found in federal systems and in countries which have gained partial independence but are a limited government. The UK constitution is viewed as supreme. Although, the constitutional impact of UK membership of the European Union (EU) is debated. It can be argued that UK sovereignty is limited by EU treaties but it can be seen this limitation is voluntary, under an Act of Parliament European Communities Act 1972 and therefore does not alter supremacy. * Federal and Unitary The internal division of power within a state is an important aspect. In a unitary state only the central government has primary law making powers, powers may be delegated to lower tiers only. In a federal state, both the central government and the individual territories comprising the federation have primary powers. For example, in US the individual States have autonomy to legislate on some matters. Despite devolution, the UK remains a unitary state, with Parliament having the ultimate law making power over all the constituent nations. * Republican and Monarchical In republics, there is no monarchy and there will normally be a President, who is a directly elected Head of State, such as in the US. In some republics the President can be restricted to a more formal role of a figurehead, such as Italy or Germany. The UK remains monarchical, with the Queen as Head of State. The monarch continues to hold formal powers under the royal prerogative, although in practice these are exercised by the elected Government.

Effect of State Control and High Taxes on Economic Growth

Effect of State Control and High Taxes on Economic Growth Theories pertaining to economic development, with particular regard to those suitable for developing countries, have changed significantly during the post Second World War era. These changes have affected the progress of developing economies, which, in this period, have grown with varying degrees of success; marked with notable successes and enormous failures. The formulation of economic policy for a country necessarily needs to deal with numerous issues, including, very importantly, a determination of the extent of state control in the economy. The last few decades have seen sharp differences in elements of economic policy and fluctuations in levels of state control between different countries, as well as in varying degrees of economic performance. State control in the formulation of economic policy characterised economic thinking from the early forties until the late seventies. Classical economists, influenced by thinkers like Rosenstein Rodan and Leibenstein, thought of economic development as a growth process that entailed the â€Å"systematic reallocation of factors of production from a low productivity, traditional technology, decreasing returns, mostly primary sector to a high productivity, modern, increasing returns, mostly industrial sector.† (Adelman, 1999) They also recognised that economic growth, in the long term, does not come about in a linear fashion and is distinguished by a number of stable equilibriums, one of which, the low income level trap, retards progress in underdeveloped economies. Low income and low growth equilibriums, which originally occurred because of low levels of infrastructural and productive capital, are perpetuated by low levels of economic growth, and compounded further by Malthusian population growth. In such situations, uncoordinated and unplanned investments do not, in the first instance, allow for achievements of scale, and along with low incomes, savings, and demand, result in trapping economies in low income level snares. (Adelman, 1999) Classical theorists argued that governmental action, investment in the public sector, and strong state control, were essential to take economies out of the unplanned and uncoordinated, low income, low growth and static equilibriums, to ones that were coordinated, dynamic, and capable of high growth and income. State ownership also had the support of socialist ideology, common planks adopted by the newly independent developing nations, partly on ideological considerations, and partly in reaction to the capitalist doctrines followed by their former colonial masters. Many governments felt strong state control to be the best route to safeguard economic independence and substitute the private sector’s deficiencies in skills, management knowledge, disinclination to take risks, and lack of resolve to take up long gestation projects. State owned enterprises were thought suitable for stabilising agricultural prices, providing employment, taking care of workers, controlling customer pri ces, and generating money that could be used for other public work. (Osterfeld, 1992) Much of the investment and economic policy followed by countries, mostly in the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa, arose out of this thinking, and resulted in huge investments in state run enterprises, as well as in the domination of the state in the making of economic policy. â€Å"During the 1960s and 1970s, the public sector grew rapidly in developing countries, with state-owned enterprises often accounting for most of the growth. This was especially true in developing countries that had recently gained independence.† (Miller, 1997) State ownership did not succeed for various reasons. Even though there was little to dispute in the logic behind its theory, or deny the significant infrastructure created in state run economies, these countries fared miserably in terms of GDP growth, inflation control, agricultural and industrial productivity, literacy improvement, elimination of income disparities, or poverty control. Prone to corruption, influenced by partisan elements, and notoriously inefficient and slow in their interventionist actions, governments came to be thought of to be particularly unsuitable for regulating economic policy or managing commercial companies. The widespread disillusionment with state control led to a neo classical reaction, characterised by a movement towards privatisation, like the one in the UK, during the Thatcher years. Supporters of neo classical economics stress that governmental control and intervention creates problems, rather than solutions, for underdeveloped countries, and furthermore, that liberalisation of trade is sufficient for inducing and motivating development, providing for economies of scale, and making the economy and industry internationally competitive. The optimal course of action for government is to minimise its role in economic policymaking, and improve the spread of market economies and efficiencies. A number of developing countries, racked with inflation, unemployment, sluggish growth, and burgeoning external debt, had to necessarily switch to neo classical economic policies, in the 1980s, many of them under the compulsion of the World Bank, and similar other international lending institutions . Government leaders also embraced privatisation because of their desire to (a) improve efficiency and productivity through private, as well as shared ownership, (b) enable managers to focus on economic and not social objectives, (c) eliminate political influence, (d) promote competition, (e) improve quality of goods and services and (f) reduce prices. Reducing state control, economists felt, would also lead to expansion of capital markets, augmentation of foreign inflows and investments, creation of additional sources of tax revenues, as well as reduction of subsidies and national debt. (Adelman, 1999) While privatisation in developing economies is into its second decade, progress has been uneven, and in some cases, even abysmal. In fact, countries like China and India, where governments play strong roles, have been able to achieve significantly high growth rates. Their governments decisively shifted emphasis to export promotion, pushed through institutional reforms, invested significantly in infrastructure, and engaged in selective industrial policy. Experts are now realising that uniform one-shoe-fits-all policies never work and economic policies have to take account of a number of variables to be relevant, and furthermore successful. The uneven success of many developing countries, even after embracing privatisation, has also led to a consensus that governments need to be strong, capable, and committed to carry through any sort of reforms, even those that deal with opening and liberalisation of economies. Furthermore, reduced state control appears to work better in economies wit h high rates of literacy, stable political environments, established legal systems, developed capital markets, and strong banking structures. Governments need to consider unique country specific attributes, be malleable, and play dynamic and changing roles in education, human capital formation, infrastructure, technology acquisition, setting up of institutions, and in the development of an honest and capable bureaucracy. The scope and ambit of governmental policy can be reduced sharply only after the domestic environment provides adequate savings and skills, entrepreneurs develop in skills, technology and capital formation, and institutions achieve maturity. While education, literacy and formation of human capital have to remain priorities, governments in developing economies need to initially work towards social development, and creation of institutions, as well as infrastructure. (Kiggundu, 2002) Economic policies, institutions, and governmental functions should allow structural change to occur on a continuous basis, and be ready to change with development; the role of government needs to be effective, not minimal. The tax policy of a country is a major component of its total economic policy, and serves the purpose of a tool to collect revenues for governmental spending and guide the growth path of the national economy, as well as sustain and increase its international competitiveness. While the primary role of taxation is to provide money for financing governmental work it also needs to perform other functions like attracting capital, stimulating growth, enable acquisition of technology, stimulate demand and galvanise the economy. While there is universal agreement on the necessity of taxes, there are differences on the levels of taxation regarded as optimal, as well as the point beyond which they cease to be economic drivers, and become dead burdens. In the traditional neo classical models of economic growth, taxation is thought to affect long term output, but not the rate of growth. (Leach, 2003) This theory, however, is being questioned by recent models, which iterate that taxation can affect incentives for investment in human or physical capital, and thereby, adversely influence the long term economic growth rate. Higher taxation takes away the incentive to save (a) by reducing the rate of return on savings, and (b) by reducing the income that generates savings. Lower savings in turn lead to lesser consumption, lowered demand for goods and services, and lesser capital investment, both at personal and corporate levels, and thus to under nourishment of the economy. While research studies have not been able to relate high rates of personal taxation induce individuals to work less, experience has shown that they motivate people to under declare income, manipulate expenses and indulge in falsehood. The same behavioural response holds good for business corporations and other taxpayers. Economies with very high tax rates like India have witnessed large scale evasion of taxes, hoarding of unaccounted wealth in an unproductive manner, and the emergence of a parallel, illegal, underground economy. Transfer of money from the private sector to the public sector through taxation results in making its use more inefficient. Streams of assured money to the public sector and the government pave the way for creation of further inefficiencies and misuse of funds. The reduced rate of growth also leads to a deadweight loss, a term used to explain the loss of output that would have taken place in the absence of tax. Deadweight costs (losses) go unnoticed, even by those who pay them, because instead of taking from people what they already have, they take from people what they would have had, but will never get. No one sees the extra output that would have been created by economic decisions made in the absence of higher taxes. (Leach, 2003) The incidence of deadweight loss, even if it is just half a percent of GDP, can work out to a phenomenal amount, especially if compounded over a period of several years. Several empirical studies have also revealed that economies with lower tax rates perform much better than those that have higher shares of tax. Thus, while developing economies undoubtedly need significant funds for infrastructural build-up it would be reasonable to assume that excessively high tax structures have the potential to retard economic growth and cause significant harm to growth of human capital and infrastructure, the very objectives they aim to achieve. 2. Public Sector Deficits Most economists agree that the role of the government, especially in the context of developing countries, is to form human capital and create infrastructure across educational, technological, financial, physical, environmental and social sectors. The obvious reason for this lies in the inability of private enterprise to do so. In addition to infrastructural development, public sector spending serves to create demand, stimulate growth, and help kick start economies. Funding for these expenses is primarily through collection of taxes, the shortfall being met either through national or international debt, consumption of foreign exchange reserves or printing of bills. Development that occurs because of funds obtained through deficit financing provides a solution to moving out of economic and low income stagnation. While the role of the public sector and its use of deficit financing is one of the tenets of Keynesian economics, many neo liberal economists argue that the theory is impractic al, has many fallacies, and needs to be avoided by developing economies. (Rangachari, 2001) Neo-liberals argue that excessive deficit financing of the public sector can lead to burgeoning of national or international debt, inflation, or foreign exchange crises, depending upon the method adopted. Increased local borrowing can also disincentivise private sector borrowing by sucking out money available with banks, and causing increases in interest rates. Furthermore, the money arranged through deficit financing is very likely to be inappropriately spent because of numerous demands upon public sector funds, political considerations, bureaucratic delays, and corrupt delivery systems. Government expenditure is complex, multifaceted and driven by opposing forces. The task of ensuring proper allocation of money, as well as its efficient usage, is often beyond the ability of career bureaucrats, and results in gross budgetary distortions, increasing deficits, persistently high inflation, high external debt, increasing incidence of tax, and retardation of economic growth. The main arguments advanced by the neo liberals is not against the theory of public spending but its implementation and management, particularly in large and federal systems with multi-tiered distribution mechanisms. While there is truth in their assertions, neo-liberals need to recognise that smaller East Asian economies like Singapore, Malaysia and South Korea have, at some point of time, resorted to deficit financing, but have still been able to achieve high growth rates through efficient fiscal discipline. The crux of the objections of the opposers of deficit financing lies not in the raising of money but in its inefficient and improper use. The success of deficit financing lies in the commitment of the concerned governmental agencies, and in ensuring that deficit financing is resorted to only to the extent necessary. Money raised through deficit financing should not be diverted to meet burgeoning administration expenditure, or to channels that do not aid development. It would be unjust to think of economists who object to the use of deficit financing, as dyed in the wool cynics who prefer markets to work as freely as they can, and furthermore, believe that governments should not favour any sector of the economy over the other. Their arguments are, for the most part, dependent upon the experiences of the last fifty years, wherein numerous governments resorted to unbridled state control, excessive taxation, and heavy deficit financing, with severe repercussions upon growth and development. It needs understanding that most of these countries were coming out of centuries of colonial suppression, had very little of physical and human capital; very often their leaders took decisions without adequate knowledge of the consequences of their decisions or of their ability to control the consequences of such decisions. â€Å"In practice, a state’s capabilities are often as important determinants of its actions as the theoretical rationale.† (Expenditure Policy, 2007) The situation is vastly different now and leaderships of developing countries are both knowledgeable and competent. There is no such thing as a universal doctrine in economics, and governments recognise that the application of one-shoe-fits-all theories, without taking account of individual considerations, has led to grievous and costly errors. The same rationale holds good of deficit financing and the solution is to be circumspect and prudent while using it; a blanket ban could do more harm than good and impede sincere growth efforts. As such, while deficit financing will often be necessary in framing the economic policies of developing nations, decision makers need to be doubly careful about its use and focus on imperatives, namely (a) the formation of human and physical capital, (b) the creation of public and business infrastructure, (c) the build up of banking systems, capital and commodity markets, and economic institutions, (d) the elimination of unnecessary non developmental a nd administrative expenditure, and (e) the creation of a competent, honest and accountable bureaucracy. Such precautions will go a long way towards eliminating the risks associated with high deficits and enable growing nations to make optimum use of the money made available. Bibliography Adelman, A, 1999, The role of government in economic development, University of California at Berkeley, Retrieved May, 3, 2007 from are.berkeley.edu/~adelman/Finn.pdf Beard, A., 1997, World Bank Reconsiders Role of Government: Report Displays Respect for Regulation. The Washington Times, Choudhury, S. R., 1999, Is Privatisation Really the Answer?. African Business 26+. Das, D. K., 2004, Financial Globalization and the Emerging Market Economies. New York: Routledge. Eltis, W., 2000, The Classical Theory of Economic Growth. New York: Palgrave. Expenditure Policy, 2007, The World Bank, Retrieved May 3, 2007 from web.worldbank.org//EXTPEAM/0,,contentMDK:20233612~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:384393,00.html Ferleger, L. A., Mandle, J. R., 1993, No Pain, No Gain: Taxes, Productivity, and Economic Growth. Challenge, 36(3), 11+. Growth and Trade in Africa Are Lifting People out of Poverty Faster Than Gleneagles Debt Cancellation., 2006, Western Mail (Cardiff, Wales), Kiggundu, M. N., 2002, Managing Globalization in Developing Countries and Transition Economies: Building Capacities for a Changing World. Westport, CT: Praeger. Leach, G, 2003, The negative impact of taxation on economic growth, IOD, Retrieved May 3, 2007 from www.reform.co.uk/filestore/pdf/negativeimpact.pdf Medium-Term Prospects and Policy Issues in Developing Countries., 1990, 61+. Miller, A. N., 1997, Ideological Motivations of Privatization in Great Britain versus Developing Countries. Journal of International Affairs, 50(2), 391+. Osterfeld, D., 1992, Prosperity Versus Planning: How Government Stifles Economic Growth. New York: Oxford University Press. Pietrobelli, C. Sverrisson, à . (Eds.)., 2003, Linking Local and Global Economies: The Ties That Bind. New York: Routledge. Rangachari, A, 2001, Spur economy through deficit financing, the Hindu, Retrieved May 3, 2007 from www.hinduonnet.com/2001/09/20/stories/0620013h.htm Timmer, C. P. (Ed.)., 1991, Agriculture and the State: Growth, Employment, and Poverty in Developing Countries. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. World Economy Doing Good; Developing Africa, Asia Show Growth., 2006, The Washington Times, p. A17.

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

Animal Farm was written by George Orwell and published in 1946. This story is about the Manor Farm in England, around the time of the Russian revolution. The animals on this farm started their own revolution because they were so irritated with the way they were being treated. At the beginning of the story, the Old Major calls a meeting in the barn and speaks about Rebellion and Animalism. Shortly after that the Old Major died’s and then the rebellion starts to take place. Mr. Jones is like a bad guy to the Animals. Napoleon to is also another major villain. But after Jones is gone, all of his tools are burned, and now its time for the animals to take a look around the farmhouse. The name Manor Farm is changed to Animal Farm and the Seven Commandments are established. They then start to begin the hay harvest. During the hay harvest Boxer says, â€Å"I will work harder† as his personal motto. The harvest turned out to be a success. At this point the pigs are now beginning to abuse their power. Pretty soon the pigeons are sent to spread the word of the rebellion to other animals. And Mr. Jones tries to recapture the farm in the Battle of the Cowshed. Mr. Jones was unable to defeat the animals, therefore the animals got a boost of confidence. Now at this point Mollie runs away and Snowball begins his plans for a windmill. When Snowball’s plans are finished, Napoleon’s dog’s start to chase him off the farm. The farm just lost the best leader they could have had. They loose their chance to give input on what direction the farm should go, and Napoleon begings blaming Snowball for all the things that he did not do. Now Napoleon sets the animals to work on Sundays again and acquires Mr. Whymper as the farm’s broker. Napoleon starts to sell some of the farm’s produce. And the pigs start sleeping one hour later, and in beds. Then the windmill gets blown over and Snowball gets the blame. At this point the pigs still continue to abuse the power and stealing from the other animals. Napoleon stops making appearances to the other animals and makes a deal with Mr. Whymper to sell 400 eggs a week. Napoleon also gets some animals to confess of wrong doings and then â€Å"makes examples of them,† by killing them.

The Epic Poem, Beowulf - An Analysis of Structure :: Epic Beowulf essays

Beowulf – its Structure      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is a considerable diversity of opinion regarding the structure of the poem Beowulf. This essay hopes to enlighten the reader on some of the opinions expressed by literary scholars on this issue.    The Cambridge History of English and American Literature states:    It is generally thought that several originally separate lays have been combined in the poem, and, though no proof is obtainable, the theory in itself is not unlikely. These lays are usually supposed to have been four in number and to have dealt with the following subjects: (1) Beowulf’s fight with Grendel, (2) the fight with Grendel’s mother, (3) Beowulf’s return, (4) the fight with the dragon (v1,ch3,s3,n16).    Alvin A. Lee in his essay, â€Å"Symbolic Metaphor and the Design of Beowulf,† basically agrees that there are four divisions in the poem’s structure:    Moving a little closer to the text but still thinking of it in terms of its overall design, one can recognize four [my italics] major myths or symbolic episodes, each of which is concentrated at appropriate points in the narrative but also extends its effect, with varying emphases, throughout the whole poem (148).    But Lee’s four divisions are not the same as the first-mentioned. Lee’s first part is climaxed with the construction of Heorot; the second part, as Grendel lays waste to Heorot; the third, Beowulf’s advent and victories over Grendel and mother; and fourth, the hero’s death and the return to chaos (148).    The three-part, or tripartite division, of Beowulf is more popular than the four-part division. F.P. Magoun, Jr. divided the poem into three separate stories designated as A, A-prime, and B. Magoun’s A corresponds to the events up to Beowulf’s return to the Geats; B, the dragon fight and ending. But A prime includes a variant or alternative version of the Grendel story that an Anglo-Saxon editor of the poem wished to preserve and fitted into his anthology of Beowulf poems(Clark 22). So Magoun would have three divisions to the structure of the poem rather than four. Agreeing with him are Brian Wilkie and James Hurt, editors of Literature of the Western World, state:    It is clear that the sequence of monster-fights provides the structure of the poem. . . .In this poem of a little over 3000 lines, roughly a thousand lines are devoted to each of the three monsters, and it has been suggested that Beowulf ws intended to be performed over three evenings, each devoted to a new monster (1273).

The Pearl: Depictions Of Life Essays -- essays research papers

The Pearl: Depictions of Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In John Steinbeck's The Pearl, a destitute pearl diver finds a giant pearl with which he hopes to buy peace and happiness for his family. Instead, he learns that the valuable pearl can not buy happiness but only destroy his simple life. Throughout the fable, there is a constant theme woven through the characters and setting which encompasses the struggle among social classes to become successful. Steinbeck, a novelist known for his realistic depictions of life, portrays this motif through Kino, the doctor, Coyotito, and the town of La Paz.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Earnst Steinbeck, author of The Pearl and many other stories, was born on February 27, 1902, in Salinas, California. Both his father, who ran a flour mill, and his mother, a teacher, encouraged him to write once they saw his early interest in literature. Steinbeck began his career by writing articles for his school newspaper and by taking classes at Stanford University. At the same time, he worked at a local ranch where he witnessed the harsh treatment of migrant workers. These underpriveleged laborers later served as the inspiration for many of his novels, including The Grapes of Wrath. The Pearl, another inspiration from his past, originated from a legend about the misfortunes of a poor boy who found a giant pearl that was told to Steinbeck while on a trip to Mexico.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kino, the protagonist in The Pearl, is an hone... The Pearl: Depictions Of Life Essays -- essays research papers The Pearl: Depictions of Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In John Steinbeck's The Pearl, a destitute pearl diver finds a giant pearl with which he hopes to buy peace and happiness for his family. Instead, he learns that the valuable pearl can not buy happiness but only destroy his simple life. Throughout the fable, there is a constant theme woven through the characters and setting which encompasses the struggle among social classes to become successful. Steinbeck, a novelist known for his realistic depictions of life, portrays this motif through Kino, the doctor, Coyotito, and the town of La Paz.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Earnst Steinbeck, author of The Pearl and many other stories, was born on February 27, 1902, in Salinas, California. Both his father, who ran a flour mill, and his mother, a teacher, encouraged him to write once they saw his early interest in literature. Steinbeck began his career by writing articles for his school newspaper and by taking classes at Stanford University. At the same time, he worked at a local ranch where he witnessed the harsh treatment of migrant workers. These underpriveleged laborers later served as the inspiration for many of his novels, including The Grapes of Wrath. The Pearl, another inspiration from his past, originated from a legend about the misfortunes of a poor boy who found a giant pearl that was told to Steinbeck while on a trip to Mexico.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kino, the protagonist in The Pearl, is an hone...

It240 Appendix B

Axia College Material Appendix B LAN Operating Systems Scenarios Read the three scenarios below, then answer the questions that follow each scenario. 1. You are the network administrator for a new company that has 10 users and plans to add five more users within a year. The files need to be accessed by all 10 users and each user must have different security rights. What kind of network would you install and how would the pieces and components of this network relate to each other? Define each component. I would install a client-server network because a server network is ideal for sharing resources and data. In addition, server networks also provide security for those resources and data, allowing more clearance to those who need it, and less to those who don’t need it. These systems also have flexibility. As more clients join the system the established clients and servers remain the same. Since all of the data is stored on the server, data updates are easy. One of the best parts of a client-server network is scalability, where each computer client or server can be replaced when needed. 2. You are the network administrator for a company that has a peer-to-peer network. How would the pieces and components of this network relate to each other? Define all of the components of this type of network. Peer-to-peer networks are the types of computers that users normally have because they essentially have all workstations, however, they do not have a centralized system. Connected through network cables, each computer can choose to share its resources to the others. In addition, they are easy to set up and maintain because they have no servers to maintain and they are left on their own to run. Because of this, peer-to-peer networks are typically for smaller networks and therefore are cheaper to run. . You are the administrator of a client-server environment. What kind of network would you install and how would the pieces and components of this network relate to each other? Define each component of a typical client-server environment. I would install a local area network, or LAN, because it is a closed network and most devices and programs, such as printers, scanners, and software can be shared and accessed by all users. In addition, the software and resources can be centrally managed and files can be accessed by any workstation, and since the files are on a central file saver, they can be backed up more easily.

Electronic Health Record Essay

In the proposed scenario. a Clinical Nurse Specialist ( CNS ) with a Post-Masters Nursing Informatics Certificate has decided that the 100 bed infirmary that she works in would profit from transitioning from paper charting to utilizing an electronic wellness record ( EHR ) system. She has done initial clinical research and has a solid foundation of best-patient-practice grounds that support this alteration. She has besides researched and studied the information on the government’s websites HealthIT. gov. and CMS. gov refering to the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act and the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health ( HITECH ) Act of 2009. HITECH is a stimulus bundle approved by the US authorities leting $ 19 billion dollars to be divided between infirmaries and physicians â€Å" who demonstrate â€Å"meaningful use† of electronic medical records† ( ARRA HITECH Solutions. 2015 ) . She knows that the best manner to choose and establish an EHR is to piece a squad of members with assorted fortes refering to the ends outlined in the phases of HITECH. Stage 1- Data gaining control and sharing. Stage 2- Advance clinical procedures and Stage 3- Improved results. Each of these phases has it’s ain meaningful usage standards. As seen in the diagram to the left. The CNS Begins by taking the members of her squad from assorted subjects in the infirmary. Because this will intend corporate broad alterations and acceptance. Her list includes the following. from the IT section. a Clinical Nursing Informatacist- chosen for a forte in how nurses interact with package and what is required for nurses to efficaciously care for patients. and the Director of Clinical Informatics- chosen for an overall cognition base of the infirmaries information sciences resources and demands including what package and hardware is presently available. what has worked or failed in the yesteryear and what alterations will necessitate to go on to maintain the infirmary compliant with patient privateness and safety ordinances. She will besides necessitate a Corporate Project Manager to form and circulate information to the assorted off-site entities related to the installations that will necessitate to be on board with this alteration across the corporation. A Chief Medical Information Officer will be cardinal in supplying the position of the doctors and their peculiar demands and ends. and to be a affair for the staff physicians when the EHR rollout occurs. A Chief Information Officer will convey cognition about the hospital’s twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours maps that will necessitate to incorporate into the new EHR along with how those systems presently function. A Chief Nursing Information Officer will hold their finger on the pulsation of each nursing unit and be cognizant of the different user interface demands that will be needed by different sections for the the specific type of flow and care given. Last. a Chief Financial Officer will be able to steer the squad on subjects refering governmental support and current assets along with assisting to make and keep a budget as required with the acquisition of new package and hardware. he will besides be able to work with each department’s budget shapers when the clip comes for apportioning preparation hours and equipment purchases. Along the manner the squad will necessitate to convey in sub-specialists to give information and feedback as they hone the new system. but for now the assembled squad will be responsible for researching. choosing and implementing the best EHR for their infirmary. A. 2 a-e ) Choose 2 real-life computerized direction systems and analyse them by comparing their advantages and disadvantages. urge the best pick to run into the ‘MU’ demands. depict how the characteristics of the recommended system meet the guidelines outlined in the three phases of meaningful usage. depict the impact on quality of patient attention. certification and results. The squad is cognizant that presently they have a computerized system that they use for coverage and tracking labs. radiology and programming. but all certification is paper based. They consider the monetary value point involved with adding faculties to the bing McKesson package V buying and implementing an wholly new EHR called EPIC. EPIC appears to be user friendly and able to seamlessly connect all of the installations under the umbrella of their corporation. They make a list of some of the pros and cons associated with each system. McKesson has the top of being a system they have already worked with and it has different plans that can be pieced together to run into some of the meaningful usage ( MU ) standard for conformity. They already have a working relationship with this seller and some experience with the merchandise. Once the treatment gets traveling. the squad realizes that there are many more bad points than good with McKesson. In their experience. the package faculties are connected in a bit-by-bit manner that makes it hard for plans to interface. Quite often data is merely lost and non retrievable. There are different informations entry systems for the different types of sections i. e. OR. ER. labour & A ; bringing. Med/Surge. radiology. and pharmaceutics. The different systems do non let for across the board data harvest home and that makes it hard and clip devouring to track reportable nursing and CMS indexs. The aesthetics of McKesson are something that is often complained about by the staff. due t o miss of typical colour passage and oculus weariness. Last. the group is really loath to go on on constructing their EHR base with McKesson because the PCPs in the country will non be able to entree infirmary records. and office visit information will non be available to the infirmary based staff. Due to the demand for increased adult male hours in serving McKesson. deficiency of distinct informations sampling. and the hapless continuity of attention related to PCPs non holding entree to hospital informations and frailty versa. the squad decides to take Epic alternatively. Epic has the down side of being a system that will necessitate a big initial spending of financess. The infirmary will hold to buy package. and related hardware. They will hold to spread out the IT and biomedical technology sections to back up and keep the new system and equipment ( something that would hold been necessary to a smaller grade with McKesson ) . They will hold to turn to some retrofitting demands related to wiring and computing machine instillment and in conclusion preparation will be a really large issue. Despite the possible down sides. the squad comes up with a long list of grounds that EPIC is the right system to take. To get down with EPIC is all one system. It allows for seamless interdepartmental interfacing. The PCPs in the country already utilize a version of EPIC and this will let for easy data exchange and a patient’s information will follow them easy. The EPIC system has a medicine rapprochement signifier that is easy viewable to all attention givers and pharmaceuticss in the country. maintaining path of each patients reported medicine dosage and frequence. EPIC has a ‘my chart’ characteristic that allows patients see labs. after visit sum-ups. and to interact with doctors about scheduling. medicines and lab consequences. EPIC has many built in safe guards. including watchword protection. unin terrupted backup and recovery plans so no information is lost. and the seller provides go oning support as needed. EPIC comes in 3 pre-bundled. customizable templets. each already set up to run into the Meaningful Use ( MU ) standard without holding to change the plan. The squad can look at the three available options and find if one fits them absolutely. or happen the closest one and change it to suit their specific demands. Some illustrations of how EPIC will run into the Stage 1 MU standards are computerized physician order entry. look intoing for drug interactions and allergic reactions automatically. tracking demographics. maintaining current diagnosing. medicine and allergy lists. leting patients to hold electronic entree to dispatch sum-ups. and it gives patients electronic entree to doctors. Once the infirmary has used EPIC for at least two old ages. some illustrations of how EPIC will assist run into the Stage 2 MU standards are ongoing patient informations entry and discreet sampling for study coevals. The squad will go on to develop the package that demonstrates interoperability in sharing of lab consequences with other suppliers and systems. Security hazard appraisal will be on-going and built into the system. Smoking position will be tracked on all patients 13 and older and the EPIC package is designed to steer the installation from run intoing the Phase 1 standards to run intoing the Phase 2 standards. Phase 3 MU aims are projected to better results. The squad is waiting on the concluding opinion for what the Phase 3 guidelines will be and in the average clip they have a jutting end of concentrating on primary bar steps and bettering overall population wellness. This will include recommended inoculation reminders. smoking surcease aid. healthy life style and repast planning recommendations. and annually medical examination reminders generated by primary doctors that will crossover to hospital patient charts. Some of the better benefits of EPIC include point and click check in the appraisal Fieldss. this allows for distinct sampling of information. EPIC utilizes a coverage work bench that will reap requested. reportable informations and assemble it into a user friendly templet. This will profit the infirmary by cut downing former man-hours required to happen and roll up informations for clinical quality steps. public wellness coverage. and CMS indexs. Discrete informations trying from EPIC will do the infirmary a benefit to the community every bit good by leting it to track tendencies and supply information to community wellness nurses. EPIC comes with the ability to set up difficult Michigans and reminders that allow real-time users to be cognizant of demands for attention coordination and patient specific followups or recommended proving related to handling chronic conditions. It will besides let for symptom goaded order entry Fieldss to be instantly available in emergent state of affairss where clip taken to look for those things could intend a worse result. This is particularly of import when people present with symptoms of shot or bosom onslaught. Another EPIC benefit is the different degrees of bedside specific PHI protection related to sensitive attention. EPIC has a ‘break the glass’ functionality refering to all sexual assault and psychiatric admits. This map merely allows relevant staff to open and see these patients charts. any others are shown a pop-up warning and a notice is sent to get down an probe of any other individual who logs in to theses charts. The squad is impressed with the information provided by EPIC refering scanning patients and medicines at the bedside and the decrease in medicine mistakes this causes. The scanners will incorporate with the medicine distributing machines already in usage at the infirmary. One of the major benefits of EPIC is the order entry physique. Each doctor. with a minimum sum of preparation. can custom-make the order entry procedure to reflect their demands. Medicine orders are immediately linked to a druggist to duplicate cheque for allergic reactions. and right dosing information. and so the medicine becomes available. via PYXIS machines on the unit for the RN to administrate at the bedside. The bedside dosing requires the patient and medicine to be scanned. further extinguishing possi ble mistakes. and provides a pop-up warning if an exigency override is required during any of these stairss. While the squad acknowledges that developing and clip to go familiar with the new charting and bedside everyday alterations will ab initio impact patient attention in a negative manner. they have a program in head to maintain the patients educated on the new system alterations and the awaited better attention available to the patients across the board from establishing an EHR system. Having the patients ask inquiries and give existent clip feedback will assist the squad tweek their preparation and bedside modus operandis to give better. more organized attention that consequences in traceable results. This is merely an overview of some of the many maps EPIC has that persuaded the squad to take it as the new EHR system for the infirmary. ( EPIC and McKesson related information was culled from the writers ain experience with the systems and personal interviews with multiple members of the information sciences section at St Francis Hospital. Indianapolis campus ) . A. 3 a ) Use of Quality Improvement Data EPIC has point and click appraisal check and a standardised certification format that links related informations. This allows for distinct informations trying related to things like CMS indexs. The infirmary will be able to track conformity with things like ‘door to EKG’ times in the exigency section. Foley catheter usage and attendant CAUTIs. and the clip from when a patient presents with shot symptoms until a cat scan is done and/or whether the patient receives antithrombolytics as a consequence. The infirmary will besides be able to bring forth studies on mistakes that occur the via the Risk Monitor Pro incident tracking package. This will let them to go on researching and bettering procedures. A. 3 B ) Security Standards and Methods EPIC has 24 hr monitoring of staff usage while logged in. and the records they entree. This is of import because 100s of staff members will be utilizing the system and at that place has to be answerability if employees were to look up their ain records. or the records of friends or household. This information can be tracked and the employee interviewed and disciplined if needed. EPIC besides comes equipped with incident coverage package called Risk Monitor Pro. All staff members are encouraged to utilize this format to describe any incident that might justify farther probe. It covers every location. type of employee. type of equipment. patient. visitant or seller. Risk Monitor Pro signifiers are used to describe possible or sensed hurts. faulty equipment. lookout events and things that have the possible to do injury or harm. This information can be followed up on by the hazard direction squad. so that procedure betterment is an on-going procedure. The squad works with members from the IT section and programs for primary informations storage with a redundant back up storage unit that at the same time updates so if the primary waiter fails there is no loss of information. They have besides planned for a 2nd. off site informations storage centre that can be used in instance of exigency to guarantee continuity of services. and maintain things up and running while the primary system is off line for ascents. Last back up tapes will be kept at a 3rd site in instance both of these countries are compromised. and the system can be rebooted and running once more within 72 hours. A. 3 degree Celsius ) Explain how the system will protect patient privateness and meet HIPAA demands EPIC will protect patient privateness in a figure of ways. End User entree is limited to merely being able to entree the information needed to make their occupations. Making the accessible information different for nurses. doctors. enrollment clerks. radiology technicians. commission members etc. Forces will merely be granted entree once they have completed security preparation and have signed certification saying that they understand the legal hazards and duties when accessing protected wellness information ( PHI ) . Persons outside the infirmary will hold entree to EPIC every bit good. for illustration nursing place doctors. They will hold a read merely entree granted. but will necessitate multiple patient identifiers to entree the information. Besides. as mentioned earlier. EPIC will use security related chart difficult Michigans like ‘Break the Glass’ . A. 3 vitamin D ) Explain how the recommended system meets HIPAA demands EPIC helps to run into HIPAA demands with machine-controlled enforcing of entree policies. and pro-active alertness that links straight to the hazard direction section. necessitating strong watchword policies. and automatic logout at terminal user work Stationss. EPIC allows suppliers to protect the unity of informations and retrieve original informations in the instance of it being altered or damaged. EPIC users are required to hold appropriate preparation to be able to entree the system. and can be locked out in the instance of expiration. Portable devices carry encoding package that does non let for 3rd party informations extraction or entree. EPIC can besides rapidly bring forth studies with distinct trying related to assorted signifiers of entree. The bulk of conformity will be the duty of the staff with written policies. documented countenance plans and probe that is ongoing. consistent and documented. A. 3 vitamin E ) Describe how following the system will cut down costs to the organisation Establishing this new system will ab initio bring forth more costs. but in the long tally will salvage the infirmary money in many ways. Meeting the ARRA/HITECH Act demands will assist to countervail those cost with fiscal inducements and avoiding mulcts and punishments. Having readily available trial consequences will diminish the costs and labour associated with reiterating lost or illegible consequences. With superior organisation and informations drumhead tools. the cost for labour associated with analyzing charts separately and bring forthing studies will be exponentially lower. The demand for transcriptionists will be greatly reduced by using command package. Facilities for storage of paper charting cost money for upkeep and staffing. An electronic database should do charge and insurance claims easier to treat and thereby generate gross faster. The clip it takes for doctors to pass traveling over complicated medical histories with patients is greatly reduced by holding that information readily available in a database. â€Å"According to a recent survey. when infirmaries rely on advanced electronic wellness records they can salvage up to 10 per centum per patient admission† ( â€Å"Advanced EHR Cuts Hospital Costss By 10 % Per Admission. † 2014 ) . 4. A ) Explain why active nursing engagement in the planning. choice. and execution of the systems is of import to the success of the execution procedure and meeting meaningful usage demands Active nursing engagement is of import to the success of implementing any procedure that affects care given at the bedside. For the system to be optimized for usage. nursing suggestions and feedback are critical. EPIC knows this and has a squad of nurses on staff to work with the installation in developing end-user interface. ‘Nurses’ from the infirmary include the advocators. CNS’s. NP’s. LPN’s. directors. and bedside attention givers. each with a specific focal point and experiences that are valuable when assisting to make up one's mind how charting should work. Any thing that pulls a nurses attending off from the patient. or is deflecting or hard to work with lessenings the sensed degree of attention and increases the potency for mistakes. The wellness attention ends of meaningful usage include bettering efficiency. safety and quality while diminishing disagreements. affecting patients and their households in their attention. bettering public wellness results. bettering attention coordination. and progressing security and privateness of PHI ( Gregory & A ; Klepfer. 2010 ) . All of these things are the foundation of every interaction a nurse has with a patient. This is why nursing is one of the most sure professions. harmonizing to the Gallup pole web site. nurses come out on top at 80 % when people were asked to rate â€Å"the honestness and ethical criterions of people† in different given Fieldss ( â€Å"Honesty/Ethics in Professions | Gallup Historical Trends. † n. d. ) . Because standard nursing attention already meets the ends outlined for meaningful usage. the most of import thing the mean nurse can make is to work hard to be competent using the selected EHR package. Advanced users and nurse leaders are of import to assist steer the EHR choice procedure in the way that will better the bedside interactions and user interface. Clinical nurse specializers have advanced instructions and convey the nursing doctrine to the choice and execution procedure. All of these functions are critical to the success of any EHR execution.